LIVING    TOPI  CD 

CYCLOPEDIA 


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LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

GIFT  OF^ 
THE    FAMILY  OF   REV.   DR.   GEORGE    MOOAR 


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ALDEN'S 


LIVING  TOPICS 


CYCLOPEDIA 


A  RECORD  OF 

RECENT  EVENTS  AND  OF  THE  WORLD'S  PROGRESS  IN 

ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  KNOWLEDGE. 


Copyright,  1896.  hy 

JOHK  B.  ALDEN,  PUBLISHER 
NEW  YORK 


P\E-^ 


V.  I 


ALDEN^S    LIVING    TOPICS    MAGAZINE. 

Alden's  Livii^g  Topics  Magaziis^e  will  record  such 
items  concerning  current  events  and  the  progress  of  knowl- 
edge as  one  Avoiild  naturally  look  for  in  a  first-class  cyclo- 
pedia were  it  up-to-date — which  no  cyclopedia  is  or  possibly 
can  be,  because  of  its  magnitude  and  cost;  and  yet  the 
average  reader  inquires  more  concerning  things  of  the  past 
three  years  than  concerning  things  of  the  j^receding  three 
centuries. 

The  special  mission  of  Living  Topics  will  be  to  supple- 
ment all  high-class  cyclopedias,  by  the  adequate  treatment 
of  new  topics,  and  by  bringing  the  treatment  of  older  topics 
up  to  the  latest  possible  date,  and  so  make  itself  indis23en- 
sable  to  every  owner  of  any  cyclopedia. 

Topics  will  be  treated  in  alphabetical  order,  and  as  often 
as  the  alphabet  is  covered,  a  new  series  will  begin  and  the 
same  course  be  resumed. 

As  the  magnitude  of  the  work  cannot  be  closely  esti- 
mated in  advance  the  subscription  price  is  fixed  on  the 
basis  of  50  cents  for  500  pages. 

ALDEN^S   LIVING  TOPICS  CYCLOPEDIA. 

The  bound  volumes  of  Alden's  Living  Topics  Maga- 
zine will  be  known  as  Alden's  Living  Topics  Cyclo- 
pedia, an  appendix  at  the  end  of  each  volume  bringing 
important  items  preceding  close  to  the  date  of  issue. 

Volume  one  is  now  ready  in  cloth  binding;  price  (ajan) 
60  cents. 

Subscribers  to  Alden's  Living  Topics  Magazine  will 
be  allowed,  by  the  use  of  a  Coupon  to  be  printed  in  the 
Magazine,  to  deduct  from  the  price  of  bound  volumes  not 
less  than  the  full  price  they  have  paid  for  the  same  con- 
tents in  magazine  form;  tlius  the  Magazine  will  really 
cost  Cyclopedia  purchasers  7iothing. 


ALDEN'S  LIYING  TOPICS 
CYCLOPEDIA. 

ABBAS  II.-  (Pasha),  khedive  of  Egypt:  b.  July  14, 
1874;  confirmed  in  the  succession  Jan.  12,  1892,  and 
formaliy  invested  April  14.  After  an  inspection  of  the 
troops  in  Jan.,  1894,  he  made  disparaging  remarks  about 
the  army;  and  the  annual  budget,  published  the  same 
month,  beY\^ailed  the  debt  and  heavy  taxes,  and  proposed 
a  decrease  in  the  army  of  occupation  and  the  dismissal  of 
foreign  officers.  Under  British  remonstrance,  however,  he 
retracted,  and  Jan.  26,  issued  an  order  praising  the  native 
and  British  officers.  April  14,  1894,  Riaz  Pasha  resigned 
the  prime  ministry,  his  associates  retiring  with  him,  and 
Nubar  Pasha  succeeded.  In  June  the  khedive  went  to 
Constantinople,  visiting  the  sultan  June  25,  and  subse- 
quently visited  several  European  countries.  Dec.  2  he 
officially  opened  a  steam  tramway,  constructed  by  the  Suez 
Canal  Company,  between  Ismaila  and  Port  Said,  ^ubar 
Pasha  resigned  the  premiership  Xov.  11,  1895,  on  ac- 
count of  age,  and  Mustapha  Eehmy  Pasha,  minister  of 
war  and   marine,    was   expected   to   succeed    him. 

ABBEY,  Edwi:n"  Austix,  artist:  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  in  1853.  Perhaps  his  most  important  painting  is  the 
Search  for  the  Holy  Grail,  a  decorative  treatment  of  the 
frieze  of  the  large  delivery-room  in  the  new  Boston  Public 
Library,  opened  in  1895.  In  the  same  year  he  published 
The  Comedies  of  AVilliam  Shakespeare,  with  131  draAvings, 
4  vols.,  large  8vo. 

ABBOTT,  Austin",  lawver:  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18,  1831.  In  1894  he  comjpleted  A  Digest  of  New  York 
Statutes  and  Eeports,  of  which  he  had  been  Joint  editor 
with  his  brother  Benj.  Vaughan  Abbott,  till  1884,  and 
editor  by  himself  subsequently.  He  also  published  ]S"ew 
Cases  selected  chiefly  from  decisions  of  the  courts  of  the 
state  of  New  York  (1894). 

ABBOTT,  Charles  Coxrad,  m.d.,  naturalist:  b.  in 
Trenton,  N".  J.,  June  4,  1843.  Among  his  latest  works 
are  Travels  in  a  Tree-Top  (1894);  and  The  Birds  About 
Us  (1895). 


ABBOTT.  [% 

ABBOTT,  Edwakd,  clergyman  and  author:  b.  in 
Farmington,  Me.,  July  15,  1841.  In  1895  he  again  be- 
came editor  of  the  Literary  Workl,  Boston,  which  office  he 
had  filled  years  ago. 

ABBOTT,  Lyma?^,  d.d.,  editor  of  the  Outlook,  New 
York;  and  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn.  He 
has  published  New  Streams  in  Old  Channels  (selections 
from  his  writings,  1894);  and,  with  C.  H.  Morse  and 
Herbert  Vaughan  Abbott,  has  edited  The  Plymouth 
Hymnal  for  the  Church,  the  Social  Meeting,  and  the  Home. 

ABBOTT,  W.  L.,  m.d.,  naturalist  and  explorer:  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1861.  He  has  recently  presented  to 
the  National  Museum  at  Washington,  D.  C,  a  large  col- 
lection of  prepared  skins,  skeletons,  and  skulls  of  animals 
and  birds  from  different  regions  of  Africa  and  Asia.  In 
June,  1895,  he  sent  a  large  number  from  the  Pamirs,  in- 
cluding the  skins  of  228  birds  and  over  100  mammals,  of 
which  more  than  half  have  been  hitherto  unknown  to  sci- 
ence. With  these  were  a  number  of  stones  on  which  are 
engraved  prayers  and  charms. 

ABD-UL-HAMID,  sultan  of  Turkey:  b.  Sept.  22,  1842; 
proclaimed  sultan,  in  succession  to  his  brother  Murad  V., 
Aug.  31,  1876.  He  is  said  to  give  industrious  attention  to 
the  administration  of  the  government.  Outrages  upon 
Armenians  in  1894  and  1895  brought  earnest  remonstrance 
from  England  and  the  other  Powers  to  which  reform  had 
been  promised  in  the  treaty  of  Berlin.  After  many  de- 
nials and  evasions  the  Porte  ordered  a  commission  of  in- 
quiry in  Nov.,  1894;  and  in  May,  1895,  the  Powers  united 
in  recommending  a  plan  of  reform.  (See  Aemenians.) 
The  Porte  rejected  their  recommendations;  but,  under 
])ressure,  in  June  a  change  was  made  in  the  ministry,  and 
the  reforms  approved.  New  outrages  led  to  an  imperative 
note  from  the  Powers  to  the  Porte  in  Aug.,  1895.  Events 
were  hastened  by  riots  among  the  Armenians  in  Constan- 
tinople and  elsewhere  in  Sept.  and  Oct.,  when  many 
Armenians  were  massacred  by  Turkish  mobs,  the  police 
not  resisting  but  even  joining  in  the  outrages.  In  Oct., 
1895,  a  Russian  war-ship  arrived  at  Constantinople  from 
the  Black  Sea  squadron,  the  other  ships  remaining  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Bosphorus.  The  British  Mediterranean 
squadron  was  held  within  easy  reach  of  the  Dardanelles. 


c]  ABD VntlAHMAN  ^AHN. 

The  sultan  was  slow  to  assent  to  the  demand  of  the  Pow- 
ers, being  said  to  fear  assassination  or  overthrow  by  the 
young  Turkish  party,  which  demands  reforms  for  Turkish 
communities  as  full  as  are  granted  to  Armenians.  Some 
outbreaks  of  Turks  in  Constantinople  were  bloodily  sup- 
pressed in  Oct.,  1895.  At  length  an  irade  was  issued  ap- 
proving the  plan  of  reform,  with  some  modifications.  (See 
Turkey.)  Early  in  Nov.  the  sultan  requested  of  the 
British  authorities  protection  against  threatened  local  at- 
tacks. A  great  Moslem  demonstration  had  been  arranged 
for  IS'ov.  1,  but  was  countermanded  in  fear  of  the  conse- 
quences, the  sultan  declaring  that  he  intended  to  proclaim 
a  constitution,  but  later  cancelling  this  notice.  Revolu- 
tionary placards  were  posted  even  at  the  Porte,  and  massa- 
cres are'  reported  in  many  places.  Kiamil  Pasha,  the 
grand-vizier,  was  dismissed  Nov.  5,  and  Nov.  7  a  new 
ministry  was  announced  with  Eifat  Pasha  as  grand-vizier. 
At  the  same  time  the  Porte  relieved  the  Ottoman  Bank,  in 
Constantinople,  of  its  obligation  to  pay  gold  for  notes,  so 
relieving  the  financial  stringency.  At  a  banquet  in  Guild- 
hall, London,  Nov.  9,  Lord  Salisbury  delivered  a  speech 
which  was  understood  as  a  distinct  warning  to  the  sultan 
that  the  disorders  of  Turkey  must  be  reformed,  and  an  as- 
surance that  the  European  Powers  would  be  united  in  en- 
forcing this  demand.     (See  Turkey.) 

ABDURRAHMAN  KHAN,  ameer  of  Afghanistan:  ac- 
knowledged ameer  by  the  British  gx)vernment  in  1880. 
In  Jan.,  1894,  he  was  ^appointed  k.g.c.s.i.  by  Queen 
Victoria,  and  in  July  was  invited  to  visit  England.  His 
subsidy  of  £120,000,  received  from  England,  was  increased 
in  1894  to  £180,000.  Though  sometimes  thought  in  sym- 
path^^with  Russia,  his  severe  illness  in  Oct.,  1894,  caused 
great  uneasiness  in  England.  Under  agreement  with  the 
Indian  government,  a  commission  was  sent  in  1894  to  de- 
fine the  boundaries  on  the  frontiers  of  Klyber,  Kurram, 
and  Beluchistan.  Some  of  these  under  Col.  Turner  had 
an  encounter  Nov.  3,  with  a  large  body  of  Waziri  tribes- 
men, and  lost  20  soldiers  and  23  followers,  the  Waziri  loss 
being  about  250. 

ABELL,  George  William,  publisher:  b.  Dec.  21, 1842; 
d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  1,  1894.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  had  been  many  years  connected  with  the  man- 
agement of  the  Baltimore  Sun. 


ABERDEEN.  [d 

ABERDEEN,  Johk  Campbell,  Earl  of,  sits  in  the 
House  of  Lords  as  Viscount  Gordon;  the  governor-general 
of  Canada:  b.  Aug.  3,  1847.  The  popularity  of  his  adminis- 
tration was  acknowledged  by  a  welcome  and  reception 
given  him  and  his  countess  by  the  mayor  and  corporation 
of  Halifax,  Aug.  1,  1894,  when  the  city-hall  was  crowded 
with  a  brilliant  assembly,  and  Lord  Aberdeen  made  a 
felicitous  address.  In  the  summer  of  1895  he  went  to 
Manitoba,  and  conferred  with  the  governor  of  the  province 
as  to  the  public-school  question.  The  conference  some- 
what relieved  the  strain  of  the  crisis.  The  difficulty  how- 
ever was  rather  alleviated  than  removed,  and  in  Nov., 
members  of  the  cabinet  were  threatening  resignation  if 
the  legislature  of  the  Dominion  should  interfere  with  the 
Manitoba  schools.     (See  Canada  and  Manitoba.) 

ABERDEEN  UNIVERSITY,  Aberdeen,  Scotland: 
chancellor,  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon;  lord 
rector,  the  Marquis  of  Huntley;  principal.  Sir  William 
Dugdale  Geddes,  ll.d.  In  conjunction  with  Glasgow 
University  it  sends  J.  A.  'Campbell,  ll.d.,  as  its  repre- 
sentative to  parliament.  In  the  last  term  of  1894  there 
were  23  professors,  and  695  students.  The  library  con- 
tained more  than  80,000  volumes. 

ABYSSINIA:  a  county  of  North  Africa,  a  protectorate 
of  Italy.  In  1894,  Menelek,  king  of  Shoa  and  acknowl- 
edged practically  as  negus  or  emperor  of  Abyssinia  since 
the  death  of  John,  formally  repudiated  the  treaty  with 
Italy  made  in  1889,  on  the  ground  that  his  consent  had 
been  obtained  by  fraud,  and  a  control  obtained  over  the 
country  which  he  never  intended  to  give.  The  Italians 
maintained  control  however  in  the  city  and  district  of 
Massowah,  and  held  by  force  the  protectorate,  Menelek 
becoming  simply  a  rebel  leader  in  the  more  remote  regions. 
Gen.  Baratieri  conducted  a  long,  but  on  the  whole  vic- 
torious campaign  against  him  till  Oct.,  1895,  when  Mene- 
lek was  killed  by  lightning,  and  his  death  apparently 
brought  the  organized  resistance  to  an  end.  It  is  said 
that  the  Abyssinian  force  numbers  some  200,000,  of  Avhich 
one-third  are  armed  with  rifles,  many  of  them  breech- 
loaders, but  it  is  not  believed  that  they  will  effectually 
resist  the  Italians. 

ACADEMIE  FRANCAISE,  the  French  Academy, 
founded  in  1635.     In  1894  four  members  were  elected  to 


E]  ACADEMY  OF  DESIGN. 

fill  vacancies  in  the  forty  memberships,  viz:  Jose  Maria  de 
Hereclia,  Feb.  22;  Albert  Sorel,  May  31;  Paul  Charles 
Joseph  Bourget,  May  31;  and  Henri  Hoiissaye,  Dec.  6; 
and  Jules  Lemaitre  was  elected  in  March,  1895. 

ACADEMY  OF  DESIGN",  NATIONAL:  a  society  of 
artists,  founded  in  New  York  in  1826.  The  new  acade-- 
micians  elected  May  9,  1894,  w^ere  Francis  C.  Jones,  J. 
Carroll  Beckwith,  and  Alfred  Kappes;  associates:  Harry 
W.  Watrous,  William  H.  Howe,  Cecilia  Beaux,  B.  West 
Clinedinst,  Edmund  C.  Tarbell,  and  Henry  0.  Walker. 
The  council  for  1894-95  consisted  of  President  Thomas 
Waterman  Wood,  Vice-President  Horace  W.  Robbins, 
Corresponding  Secretary  J.  C.  Mcoll,  Recording  Secretary 
George  H.  Smillie,  Treasurer  J.  D.  Smillie,  Edwin  H. 
Blashfield,  H.  Bolton  Jones,  Thomas  Moran,  James  M. 
Hart,  Olin  L.  Warner,  and  W^alter  Shirlaw.  The  Thomas 
B.  Clarke  prize  of  $300  was  awarded  at  the  annual  exhibit 
tion  of  1894  to  Harry  W.  AYatrous,  and  at  the  exhibition 
of  1895  to  Henry  0.  Walker.  The  Julius  Hallgarten 
prizes  of  $300,  $200,  and  $100  were  awarded  in  1894  to 
Edmund  C.  Tarbell,Edith  Mitchell,  and  Mrs.  J.  F.  Mur- 
phy; and  in  1895  to  George  R.  Basse,  Jr.,  Charles  C. 
Curran,  and  Francis  Day.  The  Norman  W.  Dodge  prize 
of  $300  was  awarded  in  1894  to  Clara  T.  McChesne}^,  and 
in  1895  to  Edith  Mitchill  Prellwitz.  These  prizes  are  not 
open  to  the  academicians. 

The  academy  school  for  1894-95  opened  Oct.  1,  1894. 
The  instructors  were  Edgar  M.  Ward,  Charles  Y.  Turner, 
Francis  C.  Jones,  J.  D.  Smillie,  Olin  L.  Warner,  Fred- 
erick Dielman,  and  Professor  Thomas  Eakins.  There 
were  between  200  and  300  students. 

The  annual  distribution  of  prizes  was  made  May  11, 
1894,  the  most  important  being  the  Havemeyer  Travelling 
scholarship  of  $750  for  study  abroad  under  supervision  of 
the  academy,  which  was  given  to  Harry  M.  Walcott,  of 
Rutherford,  N.  J.,  who  also  received  $100  from  the  Hall- 
garten school  prize  fund  and  the  Suydam  silver  medal.  In 
Sept.,  1894,  the  academy  building  at  the  corner  of  '23d 
Street  and  od  Avenue  was  bought  by  the  Metropolitan  Life 
Insurance  Company,  the  academy  having  however  the  use 
of  ihe  building  for  more  than  a  year.  The  sale  is  said  to 
have  given  the  academy  $610,000  for  re-investment, 


ACTORS'  FUND.  [f 

ACTORS^  FUND  OF  THE  UJ^ITED  STATE8  OF 
AMEEICA,  a  beneficiary  society  of  actors,  incorporated 
in  IS'ew  York  in  1882:  President,  A.  M.  Palmer;  secre- 
tary, David  Frohman;  headquarters,  12  West  28th  Street, 
NcAV  York.  The  annual  report,  June  5,  1894,  showed  the 
assets  to  be  $224,546.82,  against  $;cow,325.17  the  year  be- 
fore. The  total  recei^jts  for  the  year  were  $38,923.63;  ex- 
penditures, $43,201.18,  of  which  $31,926.51  was  paid  for 
relief,  funeral,  physicians"  expenses,  medicines,  etc.,  in 
different  cities.  The  persons  relieved  from  the  beginning 
numbered  4,609,  and  the  burials  736;  money  spent  for 
such  assistance  $266,701.01.  The  14th  annual  meeting 
was  held  in  New  York  June  4,  1895.  The  treasurer's  re- 
port showed  a  cash  balance  from  the  year  before,  $29,034.- 
64;  receipts  for  the  year,  $37,647.30;  disbursements,  $37,- 
956.78;  of  which  $29,079.54  were  for  relief,  etc.;  cash  in- 
vested in  bonds  and  mortgages,  $180,000;  total  assets  June 
4,  1895,  $224,162.44.  The  number  of  persons  relieved 
during  the  year  was  524.  The  fund  receives  from  the  city 
of  New  York  of  one-half  the  theatrical  license  moneys, 
amounting  during  the  year  to  $11,650. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Fea^nTCIS,  lawyer  and  railroad  mana- 
ger:_  b.  in  Boston,  May  27,  1835.  In  1894  he  published 
Antinomianism  in  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Ba}^ 
1636-38;  and  in  1895  Charles  Francis  Adams,  in  the 
American  Statesmen  Series. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Kejs^dall,  ll.d.;  president  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin:  b.  at  Derb}^  Vt.,  Jan.  24,  1835. 
He  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  revised  Johnson's  Universal 
Oyclopsedia,  published  in  New  York  in  1893-95.  He  pub- 
lished in  1895  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France. 

ADAMS,  Herbert  Baxter,  associate  professor  of  his- 
tory in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. :  b.  in 
Aniherst,  Mass.,  April  16,  1850.  He  has  published  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks,  comprising  Selections 
from  his  Journals  and  Correspondence  (2  vols.,  Boston, 
1894).  He  continues  in  1895  to  edit  the  series  of  contri- 
butions to  American  Educational  History,  published  by 
the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education. 

ADELBERT    COLLEGE.     See    Wester?^    Reserve 

Uls^IVERSITY. 

APIBONDACKS^   u  forest  region   of    northern   New 


G]  ADRIAN  GOLLMB. 

York.  The  report  of  the  state  engineer  in  1894  showed 
that  there  are  included  in  the  state  park  owned  by  the 
state  550,000  acres,  mostly  in  virgin  forest.  Common  com- 
23laint  declaring  that  the  law  of  1893,  which  allowed  the 
cutting  of  evergreen  trees  not  less  than  12  inches  in  diam- 
eter, was  greatly  abused,  a'  mass-meeting  was  held  in 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  7,  1894,  which  urged  the  repeal  of  that 
law,  protested  against  the  sale  of  any  of  these  lands,  and 
urged  further  legislation  in  protection  of  the  forest  and 
the  w^ater  supply  dependent  on  it. 

ADRIAN  COLLEGE,  at  Adrian,  Mich.:  Instructors  at 
the  close  of  1894,  15;  students,  250;  number  of  graduates 
since  organization,  350;  vols,  in  library,  6,000;  value  of 
property,  1150,000.     President,  D.  C.  Thomas,  a.m.,b.ph. 

AERIAL  NAVIGATION.  July  31,  1894,  Mr.  Hiram 
S.  Maxim  experimented  w4th  a  flying-machine,  the  lifting- 
power  of  which  was  an  aeroplane  driven  forward  by  a 
steam  propellor.  The  machine  with  its  engine  w^eighed 
8,000  pounds.  It  was  lifted  from  the  rails  on  which  it 
ran,  and  so  strongly  as  to  break  away  from  the  upper  rails 
meant  to  hold  it  down.  It  was  brought  to  a  stop  by 
shutting  off  the  steam,  but  not  before  it  was  broken  and 
disabled.  The  power  of  the  machine  to  rise  in  the  air  was 
however  demonstrated.  Aug.  10,  Mr.  Maxim  read  a  paper 
describing  this  experiment  before  the  mechanical  section 
of  the  British  Association  at  Oxford.  He  claimed  that  he 
had  made  the  first  machine  that  would  lift  itself,  its  motive 
power,  its  fuel  and  water,  and  its  engineer.  He  believed 
that  flying-machines,  however  perfected,  could  not  be 
profitably  used  for  transportation  of  passengers  or  freight 
because  of  the  expense  and  inevitable  danger;  but  that, 
like  torpedoes,  they  would  prove  of  most  formidable  use  in 
w^ar.  Professor  Samuel  P.  Langley  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution, Washington,  was  present,  and  substantially  con- 
firmed the  claims  and  views  of  Mr.  Maxim  from  his  ex- 
periences in  the  same  department  of  investigation. 

Col.  George  E.  AYaring  published  in  1894  Aerial  Navi- 
gation, translated  from  an  essay  in  Dutch  by  J.  G.  W. 
Eijrije  Van  Salverda,  formerly  administrator  of  public 
works  in  the  Netherlands,  which  expressed  sanguine  hopes 
of  practical  results  from  Prof.  Langley^s  experiments. 

AFGHANISTAN.     See  Abdurrahman^  Khai^. 

AFRICA.     See  Abyssinia,  Egypt,  Cape  Colony,  etc. 


AORIGULTURE. 

AaRICULTURE.  The  condition  of  the  agricultural 
industry  in  the  United  States  in  the  year  ending  Dec.  31, 
1804,  is  set  forth  in  the  following  tables.  The  productive 
areas  were  as  follows:  Corn,  62,582,269  acres,  decrease 
from  that  of  the  previous  year,  9,454,196  acres;  wheat, 
34,882,436  acres,  increase,  253,018  acres;  oats,  27,023,553 
acres,  decrease,  249,480  acres;  rye,  1,944,780  acres,  de- 
crease, 93,705  acres;  barley,  3,170,602  acres,  decrease,  49,- 
769  acres;  buckwheat,  789,232  acres,  decrease,  26,382 
acres;  tobacco,  523,103  acres,  decrease,  179,849  acres;  pota- 
toes, 2,737,973  acres,  increase,  132,787  acres;  and  hay^ 
48,321,272  acres,  decrease,  1,292,197. 

The  cotton  crop  of  1895,  as  reported  by  the  New  Orleans 
Cotton  Exchange,  was  as  follows  in  round  numbers:  JSTorth 
Carolina,  465,000  bales;  South  Carolina,  800,000;  Georgia, 
1,300,000;  Alabama,  1,000,000;  Florida,  60,000;  Missis- 
sippi, 1,200,000;  Louisiana,  600,000;  Arkansas,  850,000; 
Tennessee,  350,000;  Texas,  3,155,000:  and  Indian  Terri- 
tory, 121,000— total  crop,  9,901,000  bales. 

The  sugar  crop  of  Louisiana  for  the  season  of  1894-5, 
was  355,384  short  tons,  the  largest  production  for  a  single 
year  in  the  history  of  the  State.  The  crop  was  manufac- 
tured in  449  sugar-houses.  Licenses  were  applied  for  by 
534  producers,  of  whom  471  filed  claims  for  bounty,  rep- 
resenting 698,671,135  lbs.  of  sugar  above  80  test,  and 
2,448,802  lbs.  testing  less  than  80.  The  bounty  on  the 
sugar  above  80  test  aggregated  $5,553,388. 

The  rice  crop  of  1894,  as  reported  by  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  was  as  follows:  North  Carolina, 
3,937,500  lbs.;  South  Carolina,  11,372,445;  Georgia, 
8,688,015;  and  Louisiana,  98,867,200— total,  122,865,160. 
The  U.  S.  production  is  rapidly  decreasing.  This  total 
was  but  a  little  more  than  half  that  of  the  preceding  year, 
the  decrease  being  due  to  harvest  storms  in  the  Carolinas 
and  to  a  drought  during  the  growing  season  in  Louisiana. 
Planters  are  finding  it  more  profitable  to  work  in  other 
crops. 

The  subjoined  tables  show  the  production  and  value  of 
the  other  principal  crops  in  1894: 


AGBWULTUBE-2. 

Quiuitity  and  value  of  the  corn  and  wheat  crops  in  the 
Tarious  states  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31^  1894: 


states,  Etc. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont , 

Massachusetts. . . 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North  Carolina. . 
South  Carolina.. 

Gteor^ia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

South  Dakota 

North  Dakota 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New  Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

Calif  oi'nia 

Oklahoma 


Total 1,212,770,052 


Corn. 


Bushels. 


529,952 

877,223 
,835,021 
395,870 
280,999 
404,269 
8.54,040 
991,251 
749,876 
397,228 
268,234 
195,858 
959,484 
728,819 
143,735 
214,044 
760,311 
931,213 
880,183 
338,676 
437,824 
060,316 
611,968 
892,297 
973,737 
757,447 
888,377 
121,491 
292,266 
933,232 
344,010 
011,654 
797,728 
855.524 
490,345 
464,084 
37,834 
67,710 
473,709 
451,639 
84.779 
209,230 


45,102 
110,136 
333,553 

,288,294 


Value. 


Wheat. 


Bushels. 


$381,565 

666.689! 

1,266.1641 

851.481 

210,749 

954,903 

8,450,964 

4.855.276 

22,412,15 

1,978,7.53 

7,134,117 

15,132,053 

1.5,490.957 

12,173,732 

20,383,366 

3,701,971 

18,422,965 

17,606.294 

11,085,713 

38,829,659 

18,065,777 

26,543,523 

7,188,822 

29,872,611 

30,948,707 

10,878,724 

35,848.699 

65,957.381 

7,.331,520 

8,141,290 

36,604,805 

46,404,662 

17.973,023 

6;927,763 

685.559 

204.188 

31^024 

44.012 

1,508,982 

338,729 

84,779 

121,353 


26.610 

75,994 

186,790 

734,328 


94,950 
46,54t) 
164,984 


6,297,400 
1,779,069 
18,848,700 
1,331,499 
7.313,201 
6^995.249 
3,475.735 
807,845 
1,627,413 


417,274 
40,670 


6,893,150 

1,416,2.54 

5,897,788 

4,816,478 

11,005,963 

48,444,471 

20,232,058 

43,644,064 

33,312,370 

9,366,176 

37,752.453 

10,737,400 

23,353,920 

35,315.259 

8.754,900 

15,934,255 

33.635,900 

1,111,735 

99.607 

2,144.009 

691,668 

187,000 

2,359,544 

112.260 

1,566,775 

9,108,420 

10,441,071 

30,376,705 

2,315,234 


$554,719,162     460,267,416 


Value. 


S75,011 
37,232 
110,539 


3,904,388 

1,085,232 

10,555,272 

732,324 
3,949,129 
3,917,339 
2,259,228 

702,825 
1,236,834 


3.25.474 
80,503 


3,722,301 

778,940 

3,007,872 

2,889,887 

5.502,982 

23,737,791 

10,520,670 

20,076,269 

14,990,567 

4,776,750 

18,498,702 

5,368,700 

10.042,186 

15,538,714 

4,289,901 

7,329,757 

14,463,437 

600,337 

62,752 

1,393,606 

608,668 

187,000 

1,250,558 

84,195 

720,717 

3,552,284 

4,489,661 

17,314,722 

1,180,769 

$225,902,025 


AGRIGULTUBE—^. 

Quantity  and  value  of  the  oats  and  rye  crops  in  the 
Vrixioiis  states  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31.  1894: 


•  states,  Etc. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Maine 

New  HaniKhJiirQ 

4,294,231 

895,276 

3,719,674 

497,193 

112,950 

606,352 

30,320,758 

3,085,575 

20,226,740 

427,823 

2,015,923 

5,400,504 

5,754,034 

4,077,696 

7,537,270 

643,926 

i       4,910,347 

1.849.094 

785,272 

20,013,119 

5,990,097 

6,511,133 

2,884,724 

10,312,806 

29,143,237 

24,429,574 

35,809,040 

109,050,302 

57,870,014 

50,860,073 

96,556,672 

25,440,944 

25,705,975 

19,747,400 

5,992,972 

14,114,697 

2,686,139 

506,981 

1,258,457 

345,415 

87'8,097 

1,066,989 

3,197,838 

6,454,805 

2,058,784 

$1,^,89,462 

438,685 

1,897,634 

■    213,793 

53,087 

260.731 

11,825,096 

1,172,519 

9,966,161 

149.738 

788,210 

1,998,186 

2,531,775 

2,161,179 

3,838,911 

392,795 

3,504,277 

869,074 

369,078 

7;805,116 

2,398,039 

2,278,897 

1,125,042 

3,712,610 

9,034,403 

8,306,055 

10,742,712 

31,624,588 

17,361,004 

35,258.022 

27,035,868 

7,377,874 

7,968,852 

7,109,064 

2,097,540 

4,093,262 

832,703 

243,351 

578,890 

172,708 

298,553 

341.436 

991,330 

1,807,345 

905,865 

17,243 
15,446 

41,186 
194,688 

Si  3,967 
11,4;30 

Vermont. .   , , .  - 

Massachusetts,'.   , 

30,066 
142,122 

Rhode  Islanc! . ,    

Connecticut . , 

>iewYork 

New  Jersey , 

Pennsylvania  ....  .   , , , 

207.664 
3,610,299 
1,120,478 
4,262,616 

134,982 
1,949,561 

616,268 
2,387,065 

401,382 
393,307 
478,917 
19,754 
131,911 

188,650 

Virginia 

212,386 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia > 

334,612 
18,964 
127,954 

Florida 

Alabama    

28,529 

27,103 

Lousiana 

Texas  

59,020 

21,089 

153,383 

118,448 

457,341 

1,098,549 

1,492,154 

1.013,018 

2,213,419 

4,311,618 

1.232,123 

1,301,706 

272,842 

868,781 

479,131 

29,47'5 

31,395 

44,265 

16,012 

90,496 

^Vest  Virginia 

67,515 

269,831 

Ohio        

494.347 

686,391 

•ndiana 

Illinois         .                               . . 

425.488 
951,770 

"  Visconsin 

Minnesota 

1,853,995 
529,813 

598,785 

Missouri  

128,142 

398,719 

229.983 

South  Dakota    

13,559 

North  Dakota 

ll,61to 

Vrnntana 

62,946 

41,544 

Utah 

68,286 

38,W23 

Idaho 

^Vashington 

33,437 
101,393 
387,763 

18,725 

57.T94 

California 

232,658 

Total 

662,036,928 

$214,816,920 

26,727,615 

!513,395,47t 

AGRICULTURE -4:. 


Quantity  and  value  of  the  barley  and  buckwheat  crops 
in  the  various  states  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1894: 


states,  Etc. 

Barley. 

Buckwheat. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

373,90? 
123,976 
505,66C 
39.516 
11,100 

$246,780 

78,105 

303,396 

24,895 

7,992 

881, 26£ 
61,106 

274,10£ 
46,74C 

$511,136 
37  271 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont                       .            ... 

156,242 
31,783 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

64,878 

4,513,569 

196,517 

4,091,814 

6,500 

170,380 

71,383 

31,547 

48,468 

2,437,327 

127  73€ 

4,546,290 

2,545,922 

Pennsylvania        

279,893 

134,349 

2,188,661 

3,250 

95,413 

38,547 

14,827 

Virsrinia                                   .   . 

North  Carolina 

Texas           

38,388 
36,184 

21  113 

Tftnnpc;<?pp          . .                  

20,263 

17,677 
315,632 

10,076 
195,692 

Wpcf,  Vircinifl 

Kentucky 

107,998 
936.453 

1,552,972 
156,658 
647,895 

12,480,983 
10,840,644 

7,716,458 

11,438 

142.243 

340,963 

721,286 

4,058,612 
116,618 
345,413 
41,661 
249,150 
207,999 
253,175 
335,682 

1,595,223 

1,369,991 
11,216,004 

50,759 

449,497 

776,486 

70,496 

310,990 

5,616,442 

4,444,664 

3,240,912 

5,833 

69,699 

146,614 

252.450 

1,461,100 

46.647 

200,357 

29,163 

186,863 

95.680 

129,119 

157,771 

510,471 

452,097 

5,047,202 

Ohio 

189,737 

627,216 

92,441 

69.030 

421,022 

175,067 

221,136 

24,739 

32,340 

38,991 

9,490 

1,444 

125,236 
344  969 

Indiana         

51  767 

Illinois 

53,153 
235,772 
103,290 
165,852 
14,843 
29,106 

Minnesota 

26,514 
6  169 

South  Dakota 

North  Dakota 

1,054 

Colorado 

New  Mexico  

Utah.           

Nevada  

Washington 

Oregon 

9,994 
12,438 

5,497 
5  597 

Total  

61,400,465 

$27,134,127 

1 

12,668,200 

$7,040,238 

AGRICULTURE—^. 

Quantity  and  value  of  the  potato  and  hay  crops  in  the 
various  states  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1894: 


states,  Etc. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts  . . 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland. 

Virginia 

North  Carolina. . , 
South  Carolina... 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia 

Kentucky  — .... 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illmois 

Wisconsin , 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

South  Dakota.. ... 

North  Dakota 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

New  Mexico 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 


Potatoes. 


Bushels. 


Total. 


8,545,698 

2,699,400 

3,690,984 

3,266,5.50 

861,973 

2.0.54,948 

29,162,056 

2,796,660 

13,240,256 

226,0.50 

1,321,892 

2,355,752 

1,113,210 

248,272 

340,028 

127,980 

254,259 

421,344 

431,505 

1,124,560 

1,372,516 

2,142,580 

1,664,936 

2,478,762 

12,977,244 

13,346,740 

6,467, 

8,343,950 

7,488,315 

4,452,513 

7,  .594,01 5 

6,490,209 

4.436, 

2,408,274 

1,134,590 

2,726,052 

575,313 

383,100 

2,892,805 

46,350 

24,240 

811,485 

217,672 

678,538 

1,927,750 

2,028,768 

1,392,872 


Value, 


170,787,338 


$3,760,10 

1,268,718 

1,624." 

2,123.258 

620,621 

1,397.361 

13,997;78' 

1,733,929 

7,546,946 

113,025 

700,603 

1,319,221 

667, 

191,169 

275,423 

95, 

223,748 

345,502 

358,149 

1,113,314 

727,433 

1,049,864 

949,014 

1,388,107 

6,748,16 

5,739,098 

3,492,525 

5,;340.12S 

3,968,807 

2,270,782 

5,239,870 

3,374.909 

3,016.978 

1,854;371 

839,  .597 

1,253,984 

276,150 

229,860 

1,591,043 

37,080 

30,303 

243.446 

76,185 

359,624 

5:39,770 

730,356 

682,507 


Hay. 


Tons. 


$91,526,' 


1,160,31 

608,790 

1,089.751 

801,798 

64,907 

450,398 

6,197,592 

586,443 

3,532,065 

79,981 

355,949 

498,53 

238,.561 

241,119 

174,992 

8,264 

195,112 

135,980 

71,603 

608,095 

248.247 

513,902 

557,185 

735,762 

2,936,563 

2,043,36 

2.5.51,012 

2,745.184 

2,487,340 

1,634,"" 

3,426,115 

2,152, 

2,.545,535 

1,124,535 

1,918,; 

505,735 

444.767 

361,872 

1,786,045 

74,910 

65,919 

4.52,  .529 

620,552 

572,716 

764,560 

1.284,606 

3,213,647 


Value, 


$11,196,643 

6,392,295 

10,832,125 

12,427,869 

1,059,931 

7,008,193 

59,8\'8,739 

8,2(i^,982 

39,94V,6.55 

1,19SJ15 

3,961,712 

5,927,605 

2,607,472 

2,592,029 

2,166,401 

l;34,290 

1,855,515 

1,314,927 

761,856 

4,633,684 

2,192,021 

5,791,676 

5,939,592 

7,703,428 

24,843,32;3 

18,472,038 

19,336,671 

22,867,383 

19,799.226 

8,663,894 

25,318,990 

16,832,308 

13,364,059 

8.006,689 

8,210,679 

1,957,194 

3,188.979 

3,618,720 

13,466,779 

861,465 

791.028 

2,516,062 

4,499,001 

2,485,587 

5,642,453 

7,527,791 

30,529,647 


54,874,408  $468,578,321 


AOrdCtlLTUHE-^. 

The  following  shows  the  tobacco-growing  States  with  the 
production  and  value: 


states. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

3,449,655 
10,176,908 

6,934,620 
26,228,089 

7,010,380 
35,593,984 
42,043,620 

1,195,908 
26,724,000 

2,634,585 
183,618,425 
32,468,938 

3,841,9.52 

1,790,980 
14,669,592 

8,296,749 

$.344,966 

1,628,305 

554  770 

Connecticut 

New  York  .   .         

2,360,528 

420,623 

2,1:35,639 

3,7a3,926 

Maryland                      

North  Carolina 

Arkansas         

131,550 

2,405,160 

263,459 

10,099,013 

1,753,323 

199,782 

132  533 

Tennessee  .   .                       

West  Virginia 

Ohio        . .          

Illinois  

Wisconsin ' 

792,158 
755,004 

Total         ....             

406,678,385 

$27,760,739 

AGRICULTURE,  COLLEGES  OF.  In  1895  there 
were  in  the  U.  S.  64  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  me- 
chanic arts  endowed  by  act  of  Congress  1862  (national 
land-grant  act).  The  recent  additions  are  in  Ida.,  Mont., 
S.  C,  and  Wash.  (State).  Of  the  total,  15  were  for 
colored  students. 

AKRON,  a  city,  cap.  of  Summit  co.,  0.;  on  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  canal  and  the  Bait.  &  0.,  the  Oleve.,  Ak.  &  Col., 
the  Erie,  the  Pitts.  Ak.  &  West.,  the  Pitts.  &  West.,  and 
the  Valley  railways;  40  m.  s.  of  Cleveland ;  pop.  (1890) 
27,601  ;  (1895)  est.  36,000.  It  is  a  manufacturing  city, 
having  (1890)  over  $14,000,000  in  industrial  investment 
and  an  output  valued  at  nearly  $13,000,000.  The  assessed 
valuations,  1894,  were  :  Real  estate  $11,025,360,  personal 
$5,427,060— total,  $16,452,420  ;  tax  rate  $24.40  per  $1,000. 
The  total  debt  Feb.  1,  1895,  was  $440,400  ;  sinking  fund 
$20,000.  Local  transit  1895  was  controlled  by  the  Akron 
street  railway,  incorporated  1894,  extending  to  Cuyahoga 
and  Silver  Lake,  and  operating  20  m.  of  track,  and  the 
Akron  &  Cuyahoga  Falls  Rapid  Tran.  road,  chartered 
1894,  extending  to  Cuyahoga  Falls  and  Barberton,  0.,  and 
operating  May  1,  1895,  16  m.  of  track  ;  both  trolley  roads. 
In  1895  there  were  9  publications  of  all  kinds. 


ALABAMA.  [n 

ALABAMA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  North  America; 
admitted  to  the  Union  Dec.  14,  1819;  seceded  Jan.  11, 
1861;  readmitted  June  25,  1868;  counties,  66;  capital, 
Montgomery. 

State  Officers,  1895. — Gov.  (elected  for  2  years,  salary 
13,000  per  annum),  William  C.  Gates;  sec.  of  state,  James 
K.  Jackson;  treas.,  J.  Craig  Smith;  auditor,  John  Purifoy; 
atty.-gen.,  William  C.  Fitts;  com.  of  agriculture,  H.  D. 
Lane;  supt.  of  public  instruction,  John  G.  Turner;  adj.- 
gen.,  Charles  P.  Jones;  chief  justice  supreme  court,  Rob- 
ert C.  Brickell;  assoc.  justices,  Thomas  N.  McClellan, 
Thomas  W.  Coleman,  James  B.  Head,  and  Jonathan 
Haralson;  clerk  of  court.  Sterling  A.  Wood — all  Demo- 
crats. 

Legislature,  1894-5. — Senate  33  members;  house,  100; 
Dem.  in  senate  24,  house  65,  joint  ballot  89;  Pop.  in  senate 
8,  house  34,  joint  ballot  42;  Rep.  in  senate  1,  house  1,  joint 
ballot  2;  Dem.  majority,  senate  15,  house  30,  joint  ballot 
45. 

Elections. — In  the  state  elections  in  Aug.,  1894,  there 
was  a  total  of  194,148  votes  cast,  of  which  the  Dem.  candi- 
date for  gov.  received  110,865  votes,  and  the  Pop.  candi- 
date, 83,283;  Dem.  majority  27,582.  The  other  Dem. 
candidates  were  elected  by  majorities  ranging  from  32,419 
to  34,618. 

Farm  Products. — Reported  Dec.   31,   1894:  Corn,  34,- 
760,311  bush.,  from  2,537,249   acres,  value  118,422,965 
wheat,  417,274  bush.,  from  50,274  acres,  value  1325,474 
oats,  4,910,347  bush.,  from  371,996  acres,  value  12,504,277 
rye,  28,529  bush.,  from  2,145  acres,  value  127,103;  pota- 
toes, 255,259  bush.,  from  5,913  acres,  value  $223,748;  and 
hay,  195,112  tons,  from  72,803  acres,  value  11,855,515. 

Farm  Animals. — Reported  Jan.  1,  1895:  Horses,  123,- 
400,  value  $5,769,369;  mules,  125,936,  value  $7,265,473; 
cows,  317,978,  value  $3,434,162;  cattle,  545,134,  value 
$3,738,913;  sheep,  326,640,  value  $474,804;  and  hogs, 
1,680,816,  value  $5,385,336. 

Cotton  Crop. — The  railway  and  water  movement  from 
Sept.  1,  1894,  to  Jan.  1,  1895,  was  530,571  bales;  amount 
remaining  on  plantations  and  in  interior  towns  Jan.  1, 
1895,  268,158  bales;  bought  by  mills  from  Sept.  1,  1894,  to 
J  Ml.  1,  1895,  27,017— total  crop  1894,  825,746  bales;  esti- 
ij.aed  crop  1895,  1,000,000  bales. 


1]  ALABAMA-^. 

Mineral  Outimt. — The  total  production  of  iron  ore  1894 
was  1482j362  long  tons  of  red  hematite  and  310,724  of 
brown,  total  1,493,080  long  tons,  value  11,340,895.  The 
state  ranked  third  in  this  product,  having  dropped  one 
point  in  the  year.  In  Oct.,  1895,  the  indications  were 
that  the  output  of  the  year  would  far  exceed  that  of  1894. 
At  that  time  the  returns  from  the  coal  mines  shov/ed  that 
the  product  of  coal  for  the  year  would  be  about  6,000,000 
tons,  or  almost  2,000,000  tons  more  than  1894,  and  750,000 
tons  more  than  the  phenomenal  year  1893. 

Finances. — The  balance  on  hand  in  the  state  treasury 
April  13,  1894,  was  $43,669.35.  The  outstanding  debt 
Oct.  1,  1894,  comprised  $6,804,400  in  bonds  due  1906 
(class  A.);  $578,000,  due  the  same  year  (class  B.);  $963,- 
000,  due  same  year  (class  C);  and  $954,000,  due  1920— 
total,  $9,299,400.  Authority  exists  for  the  issue  of  $249,- 
600  additional  bonds  for  exchange  with  outstanding  ones. , 
The  total  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  1894  was 
$243,171,677;  the  state  tax  rate  was  5  mills;  and  the 
amount  of  taxes  levied  $1,217,281. 

Banks. — On  Oct.  2,  1894,  there  were  27  national  banks, 
with  a  combined  capital  of  $3,694,000,  which  held  $1,108,- 
500  in  U.  S.  bonds,  an  excess  of  $378,750  over  the  re- 
quired amount.  These  banks  had  outstanding  on  loans  and 
discounts  an  aggregate  of  $6,388,466,  represented  by  de- 
mand paper  with  individual  or  firm  names  $390,314;  the 
same,  secured  by  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  personal  securi- 
ties $448,723;  time  paper  with  two  or  more  individual  or 
firm  names  $2,367,964;  time  paper  with  single  individual 
or  firm  name  $1,211,306;  and  the  same,  secured  by  stocks, 
bonds,  or  other  personal  securities  $1,970,159.  The 
state  banks  June  30,  1894,  numbered  11,  and  had  capital 
$592,400,  deposits  $340,889,  and  total  liabilities  $1,213,- 
108.  The  same  date  there  were  4  stock  savings  banks, 
with  capital  $380,000,  savings  deposits  $102,347,  and  total 
resources  $855,420. 

Commerce. — There  is  one  port  of  entry.  Mobile.  The 
imports  of  foreign  merchandise  during  the  fiscal  year  end- 
ing June  30,  1895,  amounted  in  value  to  $1,009,281,  and 
the  exports  of  domestic  merchandise  to  $5,173,303. 

Internal  Revenue. — During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1894,  the  collections  of  internal  revenue  aggregated 
$112,582.45,  from  the  following  sources:  Distilled  spirits. 


/ 

/ 
ALABAMA— t  (j 

151,400.85;  tobacco,|15,458.31,  fermented  liquors,  138, 45i- 
49;  oleomargarine,  15,609.60;  and  penalties,  11,572.30. 
The  collections  from  the  same  sources  in  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1895,  were  .^188,719.83. 

Railroads. — The  single-track  railroad  mileage  Dec.  31, 
1893,  was  3,627.89,  which  was  increased  during  1894  to 
3,642.39.  This  mileage  is  independent  of  second,  third, 
siding,  and  other  tracks. 

Post-offices. — Keported  Dec.  31,  1894:  First-class  3;  sec- 
ond-class 3;  third-class  31  (presidential  37);  fourth-class 
2,175;  money-order  offices  309;  limited  money-order 
offices  13. 

Puhlications. — Eeported  May,  1895:  Daily,  21;  semi- 
weekly,  5;  weekly,  153;  bi-weekly,  1;  semi-monthly,  4; 
monthly,  16. 

Churches. — The  Baptist  is  the  strongest  denomination 
'  in  the  state,  and  is  followed  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal, 
South,  the  Roman  Catholic,  the  Methodist  Episcopal,  and 
the  Protestant  Episcopal. 

Schools. — The  last  biennial  report  at  hand  shows: 
Children  of  school-age,  550,522  (white  309,628,  colored 
240,894);  appropriations  from  state  taxes,  interest  on  the  16 
section  fund,  XJ.  S.  surplus  revenue  fund,  and  poll  tax, 
$627,911.66.  There  are  7  universities  and  colleges  of 
liberal  arts,  with  69  instructors  and  1,283  students  (male 
957,  female  326)  in  all  departments;  income  1892-3,  $102,- 
114;  volumes  in  libraries,  27,600;  value  of  scientific 
apparatus  and  libraries,  $98,360;  value  of  grounds  and 
buildings,  $704,500;  and  aggregate  of  productive  funds, 
$353,000.  In  the  school-year  1893-4,  the  total  enrolment 
was  306,014;  average  daily  attendance,  185,100;  number 
of  teachers,  6,608;  and  total  expenditure,  $663,359. 

Libraries. — ^In  1893  there  were  reported  27  public  li- 
braries of  1,000  volumes  each  and  upward,  with  a  total  of 
100,216  bound  volumes  and  22,121  pamphlets. 

Population.— li\  1890,  1,513,017,  of  whom  757,456  were 
males;  755,561  females;  1,498,240  natives;  14,777  foreign- 
born;  833,718  whites;  and  679,299  colored  of  all  races. 
On  June  1,  1894,  the  U.  S.  government  actuary  estimated 
the  population  at  1,603,000. 


ALASKA. 

ALASKA,  an  unorganized  territory  of  the  United  States 
of  North  America;  purchased  from  Russia  and  formally 
transferred  Oct.  18^  1867;  districts  7;  seat  of  administra- 
tion, Sitka. 

Executive  Officers,  1895. — Gov.  (appointed  for  4  years, 
"Salary  $3,000  per  annum)  James  Sheakley,  Dem. ;  judge  of 
U.  S.  circuit  court,  Arthur  K.  Delaney;  U.  S.  dist.-atty., 
Lytton  Taylor;  U.  S.  marshal,  Louis  L.  Williams;  U.  S. 
collector  of  customs,  Benjamin  P.  Moore;  gen.  agent  of 
education,  Sheldon  Jackson;  asst.  agent,  AYilliam  Hamil- 
ton. 

Government. — It  was  under  military  government  till 
1884,  when  a  district  government  was  established  and  a 
land  office  opened.  There  is  no  local  governing  body,  such 
as  legislature  or  council;  all  executive  officers  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  or  under  his  authority;  and  the 
laws  are  mainly  regulations  of  the  L^.  S.  treasury  depart- 
ment and  the  general  enactm^ents  of  Congress.  The 
necessity  and  advantage  of  applying  to  Alaska  the  form  of 
government  provided  for  the  territories  grow  more  evident 
daily,  because  of  the  vast  area  and  the  difficulties  of  in- 
ternal communication.  Several  bills  for  this  purpose  have 
been  introduced  in  Congress,  but  nothing  has  been  done 
beyond  gradually  increasing  the  number  of  executive 
officers.  The  territory  constitutes  a  U.  S.  customs  dis- 
trict, and  is  a  part  of  the  U.  S.  internal  revenue  collection 
district  of  Oregon.  The  principal  settlements  are  Juneau, 
a  mining  centre  on  Douglas  Island;  Sitka,  on  Baranof  Is- 
land; Wrangell,  a  gold  transit  j)ort  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Stikine  river;  St.  Paul,  a  fur-trading  centre,  on  Kadiak 
Island;  Unalaska,  a  base  of  supplies  for  whalers;  St. 
Michael,  the  trading  port  of  the  Yukon  valley,  on  Norton 
Sound;  and  New  Metlakahtla,  a  thrifty  industrial  colony 
on  Annette  Island. 

Mineral  Resonrces. — LTp  to  the  present  year  there  had 
been  no  attempt  to  make  a  thorough  geological  surve}^  of 
the  territory,  and  though  various  precious  metals  were 
known  to  exist  in  large  quantities,  mining  operations  were 
carried  on  in  few  places  and  without  improved  methods. 
In  the  spring  of  1895  several  hundred  miners  went  to  the 
interior  to  work  the  rich  placers  that  had  been  discovered 
along  the  Yukon  river,  and  the  Federal  Government 
organized  an  expedition  under  Drs,  Becker  and  Dall,  of 


ALASKA— 2. 


I 


the  Geological  Survey,  to  investigate  the  mineral  proper- 
ties. So  far  the  most  snccessfnl  mines  found  are  in  the 
mainland  belt  or  zone,  which  extends  in  a  n.e.  by  s.e.  di- 
rection, almost  in  a  straight  line  from  the  Arctic  Ocean 
into  Mexico.  It  varies  in  width  from  2  to  20  miles,  and 
contains  some  of  the  best  mines  in  Mexico,  the  AVestern 
States,  and  Douglas  Island,  Gold  Creek,  Berners  Bay,  and 
the  placer  mines  of  the  Yukon  valley,  in  Alaska.  The 
most  productive  placers  on  Forty  Mile  and  Miller  creeks 
lie  directly  in  its  path.  Gold  mining  is  now  carried  on  ir 
the  districts  of  Sumbum,  Snettishham,  Grindstone  Creek, 
Sheep  Creek,  Gold  Creek,  Lemon  Creek,  Montana  Creek, 
Douglas  Island,  Sitka,  Unga,  and  Kadiak.  One  com- 
pany at  Juneau,  the  Alaska  Treadwell,  has  one  of  the 
largest  quartz  mills  in  America,  operating  240  stamps.  In 
1894  it  treated  240,000  tons  of  ore,  which  yielded  1768,- 
000  gross,  and  1444,000  net  profit.  An  adjoining  mill, 
OAvned  by  the  same  company,  operated  60  stamps  with 
proportionate  results.  In  this  district  the  ore  is  of  low 
grade,  is  cheaply  worked,  is  in  a  ledge  400  ft.  thick,  and  is 
worked  as  an  open  quarry.  The  Treadwell  property  is  on 
a  metal-bearing  belt  that  extends  more  than  100  miles,  and 
is  an  immense  system  of  lodes  containing  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, zinc,  and  iron.  At  Silver  Bow  Basin,  on  Gold  Creek, 
large  quantities  of  gold  have  been  taken  from  the  hillsides 
by  hydraulic  operations.  Placer  mining  is  being  carried 
on  at  Cook's  Inlet  and  elsewhere  along  the  coast,  the 
stretch  from  Lynn  canal  to  the  Straits  of  Fuca  showing 
geological  conditions  similar  to  tliose  at  Juneau.  Silver  is 
being  taken  out  on  Douglas  Island  and  along  Sumbum  Bay; 
lead,  in  the  short  summer  season,  at  Golevin  Bay,  just  be- 
neath the  Arctic  circle  and  the  most  northern  site  of  any 
known  metallic  mining;  lead  ores  rich  in  silver  are  abun- 
dant at  Glacier  Bay;  large,  dark  red,  non-transparent 
gai'nets  have  been  found  in  black  schist  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Stikine  river;  and  the  rare  mineral,  jade,  found  in  no 
other  part  of  the  U.  S.,  can  be  obtained  in  many  places 
north  of  the  KoAvak  river,  150  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Marble  also  promises  well  on  development.  Eeports  re- 
ceived in  Nov.,  1895,  represented  that  the  largest  strike  of 
gold  on  Cook's  Inlet  was  made  in  July  at  Oafion  creek, 
35  m.  from  tidewater,  where  dirt  was  found  that  yielded 
$50  in  gold  to  the  pan.     The  field  was  amicably  divided 


ALASKA— d. 

between  the  prospectors,  who  worked  day  and  night  till 
Sept.,  when  the  season  closed.  It  was  expected  that  fully 
1,000  miners  would  winter  in  the  Yukon  basin,  and  that 
2,000  would  be  working  the  Cook  Inlet  field  in  the  sum- 
mer of 'TB96.  The  deputy  collector  of  customs  '  estimated 
that  $400,000  in  gold  was  taken  out  of  the  Birch  creek 
field  during  the  summer  of  1895.  Circle  City,  the  centre 
of  present  operations  on  the  Yukon  river,  had  150  dwell- 
ings,  15  saloons  (one  fitted  up  at  an  expense  of  110,000), 
3  stores,  an  opera  house  that  cost  $6,000,  a  bakery,  and  l 
pop.  of  500. 

Seal  Iiidush'i/. — The  fur-seal  rookeries  are  on  the  Pri- 
bilof  group  of  islands  near  the  centre  of  that  part  of  Ber- 
ing Sea  lying  within  the  boundary  of  the  territory  ceded  to 
the  U.  S.,  and  about  1,500  m.  due  w.  of  Sitka.  The  is- 
lands are  St.  Paul,  area  33  sq.  m. ;  and  St.  George,  area  27 
sq.  m.  The  islands  are  destitute  af  vegetation  excepting 
grass,  moss  and  Vvild  flowers.  The  seals  occupy  the  is- 
lands from  the  middle  of  May  to  Dec.  Owing  to  the  in- 
discriminate slaughter  of  the  seals  in  the  last  few  years, 
the  only  existing  rookeries  are  those  of  Alaska,  one  in  the 
Russian  part  of  Bering  Sea,  and  a  third  on  Lobos  Island, 
South  America.  The  law  prohibits  the  killing  of  fur-seals 
in  Alaska  or  the  waters  thereof,  excepting  by  the  lessees  of 
the  seal  islands,  and  by  them  only  of  male  seals  over  one 
year  old,  and  in  June,  July,  Sept.  and  Oct.  In  sj)ite 
the  watchfulness  of  the  authorities,  the  law  is  so  grossly 
violated  that  Gov.  Sheakley  fears  that  the  business  of  fur- 
sealing  will  have  passed  into  history  within  a  few  years  if 
the  violations  are  not  checked. 

Fisheries. — While  the  fur-seal,  sea  otter,  and  other 
valuable  sea  animals  are  annually  decreasing,  the  supply  of 
food  fishes  seems  inexhaustible.  Besides  cod,  halibut,  and 
salmon,  the  waters  of  Alaska  contain  over  100  species  of 
food  fishes.  The  catching  and  canning  of  salmon  has  be- 
come a  leading  industry.  The  average  annual  pack,  since 
the  over-production  of  1891,  has  been  650,000  cases.  There 
are  34  salting  establishments  which  ship  annually  about 
1,000  bbl.  of  salmon.  A  single  establishment  turns  out  an 
average  of  1,000  bbl.  of  salted  herring,  400,000  gal.  of 
herring  oil,  and  1,000  tons  of  fish  fertilizer  per  annum. 

Commerce. — During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1894,  the  imports  of  foreign  merchandise  had  a  value  of 


ALASKA-4:. 

180,490,  and  exports,  12,063;  and  in  that  ending  June  30, 
1895,  the  imports  aggregated  145,224,  and  exports,  $9,852. 
In  the  latter  year  the  entrances  at  the  custom-house  were 
28  sailing  vessels  of  6,171  tons  and  53  steam  vessels  of 
32,038  tons;  and  the  clearances  were  24  sailing  vessels  of 
4,463  tons  and  39  steam  vessels  of  24,645  tons. 

Education. — Gov.  Sheapley  reports  that  the  natives  of 
Alaska,  unlike  the  North  American  Indians,  do  not  recede 
before  the  march  of  civilization,  but  rather  follow  in  the 
wake  of  the  white  man.  In  1895  the  U.  S.  Dei^artment  of 
Education  maintained  in  Alaska  16  day  schools,  with  24 
teachers,  and  7  contract  schools,  with  49  teachers  and  em- 
ployes. The  Eussian  Greek  Church  has  an  orphanage  and 
6  day  schools  in  which  English  is  taught.  There  were 
also  15  mission  schools,  with  61  teachers  and  missionaries, 
maintained  by  various  religious  denominations.  Eight 
contract  schools  were  cut  oif  in  1895,  and  the  remainder 
will  be  closed  in  1896,  owing  to  the  opposition  to  such 
schools.  As  the  Mission  Society  and  other  organizations 
conducting  schools  are  under  all  the  exj^ense  they  can  bear, 
the  former  contract  schools  must  be  absorbed  by  the  regu- 
lar schools  of  the  government.  The  Congressional  ap- 
propriation for  educational  w^ork  in  Alaska  has  been  re- 
duced from  $50,000  to  130,000  for  1895-6,  and  for  1896-7 
the  commissioner  urges  the  need  of  150,000.  Besides  the 
government  and  mission  schools,  the  Presbyterian  Board 
of  Home  Missions  has  a  successful  training  and  industrial 
school  for  natives  at  Sitka. 

Reindeer  Preserve. — A  unique  feature  of  government 
work  is  the  introduction  of  domestic  reindeer  from  Siberia 
to  furnish  a  source  of  food  supply  for  the  Eskimos.  When 
the  project  was  first  broached  it  received  ridicule  instead 
of  an  appropriation  in  Congress.  Private  parties,  however, 
supplied  means,  and  16  deer  were  bought  in  1891  and  171 
in  1892.  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1894,  Con- 
gress appropriated  for  this  purpose  $6,000,  and  for  the 
fiscal  years  1895  and  1896,  each,  $7,500.  Altogether  387 
head  of  deer  have  been  purchased;  and  from  these  548 
fawns  have  been  born.  The  deer  are  in  charge  of  six  ex- 
perienced Lapp  herders. 

Boundary  Q^iestion. — The  boundary  line  is  fixed  by 
treaties  between  the  IT.  S.  aiid  Great  Britain  and  between 
Russia  and  Great  Britain,  and  shice  1892  the  U.  S.  and 


Grreat  Britain  have  had  surveying  parties  in  the  field  to 
definitely  mark  the  lines  laid  down  in  those  treaties.  In 
June,  1895,  sensational  rumors  began  to  appear  to  the 
effect  that  GK'eat  Britain  laid  a  claim  to  nearly  30,000  sq. 
m.  of  Alaskan  territory,  under  a  recent  definition  of  the 
boundary  between  Alaska  and  British  America.  These 
rumors  soon  had  it  that  Great  Britain  had  had  an  inde- 
pendent survey  made  quietly,  and  had  practically  taken 
possession  of  the  tract  claimed.  Judge  I)elaney,  the  new 
tJ.  S.  circuit  court  judge  of  Alaska,  in  Xov.,  believed  that 
it  Avas  the  intention  of  the  British  to  move  the  s.e.  boun- 
dary to  the  w.,  locating  it  in  Behm  canal,  a  channel  w.  of 
Portland  canal,  which  is  the  line  recognized  by  the  U.  S. 
under  the  treaties.  By  thus  moving  the  line  the  British 
would  acquire  the  large  tract  mentioned,  secure  a  port  at 
Pyramid  harbor^  and  control  the  growiiig  interests  of  the 
Yukon  river  and  valley.  Prof.  Duffield,  supt.  of  the  U. 
S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  said  that  practically  all  the 
gold  in  x^laska  lies  in  U.  S,  territory,  as  determined  by 
the  recent  survey;  that  all  the  essential  points  for  a  de- 
limitation of  the  boundary  have  been  marked;  and  that 
all  that  remained  to  be  done  was  for  the  IT.  S.  and  Great 
Britain  to  determine  how  the  line  mentioiied  in  the  treaty 
as  being  ^'^ ten  marine  leagues  from  the  shore"  sbould  be 
run.  It  is  believed  that  much  of  existing  coiifusion  arises 
from  gross  errors  in  old  maps  of  the  region,  and  the 
jealousies  of  U.  S.  and  British  mining  parties  who  have 
flocked  thither  within  two  years. 

Post-offices  and  Periodicals.  In  1895  there  v/ere  26 
post-offices  of  the  fourth-class,  of  which  4  were  money- 
order  offices ;  and  a  monthy  and  three  weekly  periodicals. 

Population. — According  to  the  revised  census  report, 
Alaska  had  in  1890  a  total  population  of  32,052,  viz. :  males 
19,248;  females  12,804;  natives  15,381;  foreign-born  16,- 
671;  whites  4,298;  colored,  Indian  23,531,  mixed  1,823, 
Mongolian  2,288,  all  others  112.  The  Indian  population 
by  tribes  was:  Eskimo,  including  Aleut,  14,012;  Atha- 
pascan, 3,439;  Koluschan  (Thlingit),  4,737;  Chimmesy^n 
(Tsimpseau),  952;  and  Skittagetan  (Haida),  391. 


ALABAMA  AORiCUlTURAL  INSTITUTE.         [bB 

ALABAMA  AGRICULTURAL  AIS^D  MECHANICAL 
INSTITUTE,  Auburn,  Ala.:  Instructors  at  the  close  of 

1894,  15;  students,  250;  graduates  since  organization  362; 
vols,  in  library,  10,000;  value  of  property,  1150,000. 
President,  W.  LeRoy  Brown,  m.a.,ll.d. 

ALAMEDA,  city,  Alameda  co.,  CaL;  pop.  (1890) 
11,165:  (1894)  est.  14,500.  The  assessed  valuation  '  1893 
was  $12,019,795,  net  debt  Jan.  1,  1894,  1171,750;  city  tax 
rate $9.50  per  11,000;  stite  and  co.  tax  rate  110  per  $1,000. 
Local  transit  is  controlled  by  the  Alameda,  Oakland  & 
Piedmont  electric  railroad,  on  a  capital  [of  $500,000.  In 
1895  there  were  a  monthly  and  3  weekly  periodicals. 

ALBANY,  city,  cap.  of  Albany  co.  and  of  the  State 
of  N.  Y.;  1890  had  $17,270,705  invested  in  manufacturing 
and  an  output  valued  at  $25,531,486.     The  debt  Jan.  1, 

1895,  was:  General  bonds  $2,582,000,  water  bonds  $1,584,- 
000— total,  $4,166,000;  sinking  funds,  $907,570;  net  debt, 
$3,258,430.  Excluded  from  the  debt  statement  were  out- 
standing street  improvement  bonds,  $343,265,  of  which  the 
sinking  fund  held  $301,295,  and  a  railroad  loan  of  $1,000,- 
000,  less  cash  and  sinking  fund  holdings  $572,070;  both 
debts  are  payable  from  receipts  other  than  taxation.  The 
assessed  valuations  of  taxable  propertv  1894  were:  Real 
estate,  $58,475,750;  personal,  $6,419,885— total,  $64,895,- 
635;  tax  rate  $20.06  per  $1,000.  Local  transit  was  con- 
trolled 1895  by  the  Albany  Railway  Co.,  which  operated 
five  lines  of  trolley  in  the  city  and  suburbs,  connecting  with 
Troy,  and  also  operated  the  Watervliet  turnpike  and  rail- 
road. The  total  trackage  June  30,  1895,  was  35  m. ;  cap- 
ital stock  $1,250,000;  funded  debt,  $780,000;  cost  of  roads 
and  equipment,  $2,054,324;  assets  and  liabilities  $2,127,- 
220.  In  1895  there  were  27  publications,  of  which  8  were 
daily,  11  weekly,  5  monthly.     (Pop.  (1895)  est.  97,200. 

ALBANY  FEMALE  COLLEGE,  Albany,  N.  Y.:  In- 
structors at  the  close  of  1894,  15;  students,  120;  gradu- 
ates since  organization,  100;  value  of  property,  $60,000. 
President,  Lucy  A.  Plympton. 

ALBION  COLLEGE,  Albion,  Mich.:  Instructors  at 
the  close  of  1894,  26;  students,  630;  graduates  since 
organization,  715;  vols,  in  library,  12,000;  value  of  prop- 
erty, $425,000.     President,  L.  R.  Fiske,  d.d.,ll.d. 

ALBONI^  Marietta,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 


Bc]  ALDEN. 

contralto  singers  of  the  century:  b.  in  Cesena^  Italy,  in 
1824;  d.  in  Paris,  June  23,  1894.  Though  long  retired 
from  the  stage  she,  continued  to  sing  in  private;  and  her 
voice  preserved  its  full  beauty  almost  up  to  the  day  of  her 
death. 

ALDEN,  Edmu:n'd  Kimball,  d.d.,  clergyman:  b.  in 
Eandolph,  Mass.,  April  11,  1825.  In  1894  he  retired 
from  the  position  of  secretary  of  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  which  he  had  held 
since  1876,  and  in  which  latterly  he  had  been  recognized 
as  a  leading  ojDponent  of  so-called  liberal  vicAVS. 

ALDEN,  He:n^ky  Mills,  ll.d.,  editor  and  author:  b. 
at  Mt.  Tabor,  Vt.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He  has  been  editor  of 
Harper^s  Magazine  since  1868.  In  1895  he  published  a 
volume  entitled  A  Study  of  Death. 

ALDEN,  Isabella  (McDoxald),  author:  b.  in  New 
York  in  1841.  She  is  the  editor  of  Pansy,  a  juvenile 
magazine,  and  writes  under  the  pseudonym  Pansy.  She 
published  in  1894  the  latest  of  a  long  series  of  Pansy  Books, 
under  the  title  Wanted. 

ALDEICH,  Thomas  Bailey,  author  and  poet:  b.  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He  has  published  in 
1894  Unguarded  Gates  and  Other  Poems;  and  in  1895  a 
new  holiday  edition  of  The  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,  with  illus- 
trations by  A.  B.  Frost. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  King  of  Servia:  b.  1876;  ascended 
the  throne  in  1889,  and  dismissed  his  ministry  by  a  coup 
cVetat  and  assumed  kingly  power  April  13,  1893.  May 
21,  1894,  he  issued  a  proclamation,  restoring'  the  constitu- 
tion of  1869,  and  abrogating  all  laws  contrary  to  it,  thus 
inaugurating  severe  repressive  measures  against  the  radi- 
cals. This  act  was  received  with  indignation  by  the 
Russian  government,  which  however  declared  it  would 
not  interfere. 

ALEXANDER  III.,  Czar  of  Russia:  b.  March  10,  1845; 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1881.  In  Feb.,  1894,  his  physi- 
cian advised  a  southern  residence  for  the  sake  of  his  health. 
In  March,  1894,  the  Marquis  of  DufPerin  declared  in  a 
public  speech  that  the  influence  of  the  Czar  was  strong  for 
the  maintenance  of  peace  in  Europe.  May  18  the  "Czar 
issued  an  imperial  ukase  taking  away  from  all  ministers, 
governors,  and  other  high  dignitaries"^  the  power  they  ha4 


ALEXANDFdl.  [bd 

before  exercised  of  appointing  and  dismissing  their  official 
subordinates,  and  establishing  under  the  Czar^s  direct 
su^Dcrvision  the  special  committee  of  control  which  existed 
for  a  few  years  under  the  Czar  Nicholas.  This  change 
will  make  all  favoritism  in  regard  to  promotions  impossi- 
ble, and  will  prevent  the  arbitrary  discharge  of  subordi- 
nates. June  22  it  was  reputed  that  the  police  had  dis= 
covered  mines  under  the  railway  by  which  the  Czar  was 
about  to  travel;  but  his  journey  was  postponed.  In  Sept. 
alarming  rumors  were  circulated  as  to  the  Czar^s  health. 
In  Oct.  these  were  confirmed  and  official  bulletins  from 
Livadia,  where  he  was  staying,  were  published  in  St. 
Petersburg,  saying  that  his  condition  had  grown  much 
worse  and  general  debility  and  weakness  of  the  heart  were 
increasing.  It  was  understood  that  he  was  suffering  from 
cancer  of  the  kidneys,  and  he  died  at  Livadia,  Nov.  1. 

ALEXANDER,  Mrs.  Ai^jtie  (pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Annie 
Hector),  novelist:  b.  in  Ireland  in  1825.  In  1894  she 
published  A  A¥ard  in  Chancery. 

ALEXANDRIA,  city,  cap.  of  Alexandria  co.,  Va.;  pop. 
(1890)  14,339  ;  (1893)  est.  16,500.  In  1895  it  had  a  total 
assessed  valuation  of  15,096,000,  a  total  bonded  debt  of 
$798,300,  and  4  periodicals,  of  which  two  were  daily.  It 
has  an  electric  railroad  to  Mt.  Yernon,  operating  12  m.  of 
track,  and  one  to  A¥ashington  was  begun  Aug.,  1895. 

ALFRED  UNIVERSITY,  Alfred,  N.  Y. :  Instructors 
at  the  close  of  1894,  17;  students,  100;  graduates  since 
organization,  719;  vols,  in  library,  10,000;  value  of  prop- 
erty, $285,000.     President,  Arthur  E.  Main,  a.m.,d.d. 

ALGER,  Horatio,  Jr.,  author:  b.  at  Revere,  near 
Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  13,  1834.  He  has  published  in  1894, 
Victor  Vane,  the  Young  Secretary;  and  Only  an  Irish 
Boy,  or  Andy  Burke's  Fortunes  and  Misfortunes;  and  in 
1895,  Adrift  in  the  City,  or  Paul  Conrad's  Phicky  Fight. 

ALLEGHENY,  city,  Allegheny  co..  Pa.;  pop.  (1890) 
105,287  ;  (1895)  est.  110,000.  1890  had  a  manufacturing 
investment  of  $22,253,243  and  an  output  valued  at  $26,- 
878,979.  In  1895  it  had  a  total  assessed  valuation  of 
$74,500,000  ;  tax  rate  $9.30  per  $1,000  ;  total  bonded  debt 
$2,990,500  (including  a  water  debt  of  $1,031,000);  sinking 
fund  $535,584;  net  debt  12,454,916.  On  Feb.  19,  1895, 
the  citizens  voted  to  increase  the  municipal  debt  to  th^ 


BE]  ALLEGHENY  COLLEGE. 

extent  of  ^1,400,000  in  a  4-per  cent,  loan,  from  wliicli 
$500,000  will  be  used  for  street  improvements,  $400,000  for 
extending  the  water  plant,  $300,000  for  condemning  and 
acquiring  toll  roads,  and  $200,000  for  extending  the 
sewer  plant.  At  the  time  of  the  election  the  city  debt  was 
nearly  $5,500,000  below  the  legal  limit.  In  1895  there 
were  7  periodicals,  of  which  4  w^ere  weekly. 

ALLEGHENY  COLLEGE,  Meadville,  Pa.:  Instruct 
tors  at  close  of  1894,  15;  students,  324;  graduates  since 
organization,  1,186;  value  of  property,  $350,000.  Presi- 
dent, W.  D.  Crawford,  d.d. 

ALLEN",  Chaeles  Gkan-t  Blairfi^n-die,  known  as 
Grant  Allen,  author  and  naturalist:  b.  in  Kingston,  Canada, 
Feb.  24,  1843.  He  published  in  1894  a  novel  entitled  At 
Market  Value;  and  a  volume  of  poems  with  the  title  The 
Lower  Slopes;  Eeminiscences  of  Excursions  round  the 
Base  of  Helicon,  undertaken  for  the  most  part  in  Early 
Manhood. 

ALLENTOWN,  city,  cap.  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.;  pop. 
(1890)  25,228;  (1895)  est.  33,000.  1890  had  an  industrial 
investment  of  $6,977,081,  and  an  output  valued  at  $,876,- 
565.  In  1895  the  assessed  valuations  were:  Eeal  estate 
$17,248,375,  personal  $122,950— total,  $17,371,325;  city 
tax  rate  $3.50  per  $1,000;  total  tax  rate  $16  per  $1,000. 
The  debt  March  1,  1895,  wholly  bonded,  was  $357^900 
(including  water  debt  $80,100),  sinking  fund  $34,041,  net 
debt  $243,759.  Local  transit  is  controlled  by  the  Allen- 
town  &  Lehigh  Valley  Traction  Co.,  which  negotiated  Jan. 
17,  1895,  a  consolidated  mortgage  for  $2,000,000.  The 
company  has  53  m.  of  electric  road,  connecting  the  city  with 
Bethlehem,  South  Bethlehem,  Eountain  Hill,  West  Beth- 
lehem, the  Catasaugas,  Copley,  Whitehall,  Seigfrieds^ 
Northampton,  Aineyville  and  the  more  immediate  suburbs. 
In  1895  there  were  14  periodicals,  4  of  which  were  daily, 
6  weekly,  and  3  monthly. 

ALLIANCE,  CHRISTIAN:  a  religious  society  organ- 
ized in  New  York  in  1887.  President,  Rev.  A.  B.  Simp- 
son; Secretaries,  Rev.  Earr  and  Rev.  C.  H.  H.  Pannell; 
Membership  Secretary,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Whittemore;  Treas- 
urer, W.  H.  Burnham;  principal  office,  692  8th  Avenue, 
New  York.  It  carries  on  in  New  York  The  Door  of  Hope, 
at  102  East  61st  Street,  an  institution  for  the  reform  of 


ALMA  COLLEGE.  [bp 

fallen  girls,  fouuded  and  snperintended  by  Mrs.  E.  M. 
Whittemore;  who  also  ojiened  Jnne  1,  1894,  Door  of  Hope, 
Iso.  2,  at  Tappan,  N.  Y.,  for  the  more  delicate  class  of 
girls  received.  Auxiliary  to  the  Christian  Alliance  is  the 
International  Missionary  Alliance,  with  a  missionary  train- 
ing college  at  690  8th  Avenue,  New  York.  This  organi- 
zation has  225  missionaries  in  India,  the  Congo  States, 
China,  Japan,  and  Hayti,  on  which  it  expends  about  $225,- 
L>UO  yearly. 

ALMA  COLLEGE,  Alma,  Mich.:  Instructors  at  the 
close  of  1894,  12;  students,  148;  graduates  since  organiza- 
tion, 13;  value  of  property,  $160,000.  President,  August 
F.  Bruske,  d.d. 

ALMA-TADEMA,  Lawrence,  r.a.,  artist:  b.  at  Don- 
ryp,  in  the  Netherlands,  June  8,  1836.  He  published  in 
1895  a  novel  entitled  Love's  Martyr. 

ALPENA,  city,  cap.  of  Alpena  co.,  Mich.;  pop.  (1890) 
11,284  ;  (1894)  State  census,  12,139.  In  1895  it  had  a 
daily  and  2  weekly  newsj)apers. 

ALSACE-LORRAINE:  a  reichsland  of  the  German 
Empire  since  1871.  The  returns  have  shown  a  steady 
emigration  from  the  province  into  France,  and  an  immi- 
gration from  Germany.  Feb.  13,  1894,  the  German 
reichstag  repealed  the  law  conferring  exceptional  powers 
on  the  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  though  repeal  was  oj)- 
posed  by  the  Conservatives,  Imperialists,  and  National 
Liberals. 

ALTGELD,  Johx  B.,  governor  of  Illinois:  b.  in  Ger- 
many in  1847.  In  July,  1894,  the  riotous  strikers  in 
Chicago  and  vicinity  counted  upon  the  sympathy  of  Gov- 
ernor Altgeld,  especially  because  of  his  pardon  of  the  an- 
archists in  1893;  and  he  protested  July  5  and  6,  1894, 
against  the  sending  of  troops  to  Chicago  by  the  president. 
But  Mr.  Cleveland,  while  answering  his  communications, 
was  not  moved  by  his  protest.  In  Oct.,  1895,  he  visited, 
with  other  state  officials,  the  Southern  Exposition  at 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

ALTON,  city,  Madison  co..  111.;  pop.  (1890)  10,294. 
In  1894  it  had  a  debt  of  $60,500  and  a  total  assessed  val- 
uation of  $1,707,475;  total  tax  rate  $40.40  per  $1,000. 
Local  transit  is  controlled  by  the  Alton  Railway  and 
Illuminating    Co.,  a  corporation  resulting  from   the  con- 


m]  altooNa. 

solidation  of  several  others  Aug.,  1895.  operating  9  m.  of 
electric  road^  connecting  the  city  with  Upper  Alton,  East 
Alton,  and  North  Alton,  beside  an  electric  light  and 
power  plant.  In  1895  there  were  3  daily  and  3  weekly 
periodicals. 

ALTOOXA,  city,  Blair  co..  Pa.;  pop.  (1890)  30,337^ 
(1895)  est.  35,000.  '^1890  had  an  industrial  investment  of  ^7,- 
955,423,  and  an  output  valued  at  $10,486,019.  The  bonded 
;lebt  Jan.  1,  1895  was  1629,000,  floating  $10,000,  sinking 
fund  115,029,  net  debt  $623,971,  and  the  assessed  real  estate 
valuation  (personal  property  not  assessed)  $15,300,000 ; 
CO.  tax  rate  $4  per  $1,000,  city  rate  $7,  average  school 
rate  $6.  The  Altoona  school  district  had  (1895)  a  debt  of^ 
$256,500,  assessed  valuation  $14,503,287,  and  estimated 
pop.  39,000.  Local  transit  is  controlled  by  the  x\ltoona  & 
Logan  Valley  Electric  Eailway  Co.,  which  in  addition  to 
its  own  plant  owns  a  majority  of  the  stock  of  the  City 
Passenger  railway.  In  1895  it  operated  22^  m.  of  its  otvti 
track,  extending  to  Bell  wood  and  Hollidaysburg,  and  24^1 
m.  of  the  City  Passenger  line.  There  are  4  daily,  5  weekly, 
and. 2  monthly  periodicals. 

ALUMINUM.  In  Jan.,  1894,  the  Carnegie  works  at 
Homestead,  Pa.,  tried  the  experiment  of  rolling  6-inch 
beams  of  aluminum  for  government  vessels.  The  metal 
was  heated  enough  to  char  a  pine  board  and  then  rolled. 
It  broke  however,  and  the  experiment  was  j^ostponed. 
Early  in  1894  Commander  Montreuil  of  the  French  ex- 
pedition into  Central  Africa  took  with  him  a  flat-bottomed 
ferry  boat,  constructed  of  aluminum.  It  weighed  only 
2,000  pounds,  but  had  a  capacity  of  15  tons.  The  same 
year  a  second-class  torpedo  boat,  built  of  aluminum  with  a 
mixture  of  6  per  cent  copper,  was  constructed  for  the 
French  government  by  Yarrow  &  Co.  of  England.  The 
cost  of  the  alloy  was  from  70  cents  to  $1.20  a  pound,  being 
about  double  the  cost  of  steel  for  the  same  purpose. 
Aluminum  was  largely  used  in  the  upper  plates  of  the 
Yacht  Defender,  built  by  the  Herreshoif's  at  Bristol,  E.  L, 
much  lightening  the  upper  part  of  the  hull.  These  plates 
were  made  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  were  from  5-16  to  3-8 
of  an  inch  thick,  the  longest  being  18  feet,  and  the  widest 
38  1-2  inches.  The  heaviest  plate  weighed  200  pounds, 
while  a  like  plate  of  Tobin  bronze  would  weigh  600^  and 


AMBUOSIUS.  [Bd 

the  entire  saving  in  weight  on  the  boat  was  about  5  tons. 
In  Aug.,  1895,  the  manufacture  of  ahiminum  from  baux- 
ite by  electrolysis  was  tested  at  Niagara  Falls  by  the  use  of 
the  new  dynajnos  there.  The  electric  current  was  carried 
through  the  pulverized  oxide  for  twenty-four  hours,  and 
the  separated  metal  accumulated  at  the  carbon-lined 
bottoms  of  thQ  pots,  and  was  ladled  out  like  lead  heated  to 
a  red  heat,  but  was  whiter  than  silver  on  cooling.  The 
capacity  of  these  works  was  said  to  be  about  5,000  pounds 
of  pure  aluminum  a  day,  worth  50  cents  a  pound.  During 
1894-95  the  metal  has  been  used  for  military  accoutre- 
ments and  many  kinds  of  domestic  utensils.  It  has  also 
been  substituted  for  silver,  as  not  tarnishing,  in  silver- 
gilding  for  sign-23ainting  and  book -binding.  The  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  reports  the  production  of  aluminum  in 
1894  to  have  been  550,000  pounds,  valued  at  $316,255,  as 
compared  with  339,629  pounds,  valued  at  1266,903  in 
1893;  and  259,885  pounds,  valued  at  $172,824,  in  1892. 

AMBROSIUS,  JoHAKNA,  poet:  b.  in  East  Prussia.  In 
1894  Professor  Schrattenthal,  of  Presburg,  noticed  her 
contributions  to  local  newspapers,  and  toward  the  end  of 
that  year  collected  and  published  them  in  book  form. 
Seven  editions  were  sold  before  the  end  of  Oct.,  1895,  and 
the  Empress  of  Germany  is  said  to  have  presented  the 
author  a  cottage,  and  provision  for  her  declining  years. 

AMERICAN  PROTECTIVE  ASSOCIATION.  The 
Supreme  Council  held  its  annual  session  at  Des  Moines, 
lo.,  in  May,  1894,  with  300  delegates  representing  every 
state  and  territory  in  the  Union,  besides  Canada,  England, 
and  Australia.  May  5  the  following  officers  were  elected: 
W.  J.  H.  Traynor  of  Detroit,  presideiit;  Adam  Eawcett 
of  Ohio,  vice-president;  Charles  J.  Beatty  of  Saginaw, 
Mich.,  secretary.  In  Sept.,  1894,  the  headquarters  of  the 
society  was  transferred  to  Washington,  D.  C. 

AMERICAN  UNIVERSITY,  Washington,  D.  C.  A 
site  was  secured  early  in  1894,  and  in  May  $150,000  was  se- 
cured for  the  erection  of  the  first  building.  The  trustees 
reported  that  it  would  cost  $5,000,000  to  start  the  univer- 
sity, and  $10,000,000  for  its  full  equipment,  of  Avhich 
$475,000  were  reported  as  raised,  largely  by  personal  solici- 
tation. They  hoped  to  begin  instruction  in  1897.  Presi- 
dent of  the  board  of   trustees.   Bishop   John   F.    Hurst, 

P.D.^LL.D. 


UNIVERSITY 

or 

Bi]  AMES. 

AMES,  Oliver,  iron-manufacturer  and  ex-governor  of 
Massachusetts:  b.  at  Xortli  Easton,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1831; 
d.  there  Oct.  22,  1894. 

AMHERST  COLLEGE,  Amherst,  Mass.:  Instructors 
in  1895,  32;  students,  435;  graduates  since  organization, 
3,552;  vols,  in  library,  60,000;  value  of  property,  $2,500,- 
000.     President,  Merrill  E.  Gates,  ll.d.,l.h.d. 

May  24,  1894,  Arthur  J.  Hopkins  was  appointed  assist- 
ant professor  in  chemistry.  The  department  of  astronomy 
received  $25,000  from  the  estate  of  Sidney  Dillon.  The 
graduates  at  commencement  in  1895  numbered  80.  F.  W. 
Crook  was  appointed  professor  of  political  economy,  and 
W.  Stuart  Symington  professor  of  Romance  languages. 

AMITY  COLLEGE,  College  Springs,  Iowa:  Instruc- 
tors at  the  close  of  1894,  12;  students,  241;  graduates 
since  organization,  135;  vols,  in  library,  2,500;  value  of 
property,  170,000.     President,  T.  J.  Kennedy. 

AMSTERDAM,  city,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.;  pop. 
(1890)  17,336.  Its  annual  production  of  knit  goods 
averages  $15,000,000;  linseed  oil,  $15,000,000;  carpets, 
$6,000,000  ;  brooms,  5,000,000  ;  paper  boxes,  3,000,000  ; 
paper,  2,000  tons  ;  and  steel  springs,  2,000.  In  1894  it 
had  a  bonded  debt  of  $684,000,  and  assessed  valuations, 
real  $7,464,211,  personal  $1,128,600— total,  $8,592,811. 
In  1895  it  had  a  trolley  road  with  7^  m.  of  track,  and  2 
daily  and  2  weekly  periodicals. 

ANARCHISTS.  In  Jan.,  1894,  the  Mati7i,  a  Paris 
newspaper,  published  a  list  of  eighteen  more  imjDortant  and 
bloody  outrages  which  had  taken  place  within  ten  years, 
and  the  most  of  them  within  two  years.  It  also  published 
what  it  considered  a  complete  list  of  anarchist  papers  pub- 
lished in  Europe  and  America.  Of  these  one  was  Dutch, 
10  German,  11  French,  8  Italian,  9  Spanish,  2  Spanish 
and  Italian,  2  Portuguese,  2  Tzechish,  and  6  English,  of 
which  2  were  published  in  the  United  States.  The  same 
month  the  police  in  Rome  found,  among  some  papers 
seized,  the  rules  of  the  Italian  anarchist  societies,  which 
required  that  all  new  members  swear  solemnly,  in  the 
presence  of  their  colleagues,  to  labor  mentally  and  physic- 
ally to  effect  the  triumph  of  the  Social  revolution,  and 
meanwhile  to  obey  blindly  the  orders  of  their  superiors, 
even  at  the  risk  of  life  and  without  regard  to  their  dearest 


ANAliCllISTS.  [cj 

affections,  and  to  recognize  in  advance  the  justice  of 
punishing  all  who  break  their  oath  of  secrecy. 

Vaillant,  who  threw  a  bomb  with  murderous  effect  upon 
the   floor  of   the   French   Chamber   of   Deputies,  Dec.  9, 

1893,  was  convicted  in  Jan.,  1894,  and  executed  in  Feb., 
though  great  efforts  were  made  by  his  friends  to  induce 
President  Carnot  to  grant  a  reprieve.  Emile  Henry  was 
convicted  April  29,  1894,  of  causing  the  bomb  ex- 
plosions in  Paris  of  Feb.  12,  and  was  guillotined  May  21. 
May  4,  1894,  Guiseppe  Fornaro  and  Francesco  Polti  vv^ere 
convicted  of  bomb-throwing  in  London,  and  were  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  tw^enty  and  ten  years  respec- 
tively. May  7,  1894,  at  a  socialist  meeting  in  Hyde 
Park,  London,  some  speakers  began  violent  utterances, 
but  were  interrupted  and  beaten  by  the  crowd.     May  21. 

1894,  six  men,  convicted  of  bomb-throwing  and  attempted 
assassination  were  executed  at  Barcelona,  Spain.  Presi- 
dent Carnot  was  assassinated,  June  24,  1894,  at  Lyons,  by 
an  Italian  anarchist,  Sante  Ironimo  Caserio.  June  28, 
an  anarchist  named  Grranier,  when  about  to  be  arrested  in 
his  lodging  at  Montpellier,  Paris,  for  complicity  in  the 
murder  of  the  president,  committed  suicide.  The  police 
of  Paris  and  Marseilles  belicA^ed  that  the  assassination  was 
in  revenge  for  the  execution  of  Vaillant  and  Henry,  and 
that  the  conspirators  met  and  assigned  the  deed  by  lot  to 
Caserio.  August  13,  1894,  Enrico  Lucchesi,  after  killing 
Guiseppi  Bandi,  an  editor  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  confessed 
that  he  had  been  designated  to  it  by  five  comrades.  On 
the  same  day  four  Bohemians  were  sentenced  at  Jung- 
Bunzlau,  Bohemia,  to  imprisonment  for  different  terms 
for  circulating  an  anarchist  paper.  March  4,  1895,  a  man 
named  Qlivieri  was  arrested  in  Rome  for  threatening  King- 
Humbert.  He  was  said  to  be  the  same  who  in  1890  threw 
into  the  Emperor  William^s  carriage,  during  his  visit  in 
Home,  a  letter  denouncing  Germany  and  the  house  of 
Ilohenzollern. 

Exciting  debates  in  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies 
resulted  in  the  passage,  July  26,  1894,  of  an  anti-anarchist 
bill  by  a  vote  of  268  to  163.  Aug,  16,  1894,  a  bill  was  en- 
acted by  the  U.  S'.  Congress  for  the  exclusion  and  depor- 
tation of  alien  anarchists. 

Jan.  7,  1895,  Signer  Celli,  attorney-general  of  tlu^ 
province  of  Milan,  Italy,  who  had  been  energetic  in  sup- 


CA]  ANDERSON. 

pressing  anarchists,  was  assassinated  by  one  of  them,  who 
was  subsequently  captured.  Feb.  28,  Signer  Crispi  de- 
clared to  the  Italian  Chamber  of  Deputies  the  govern- 
ment's reasons  for  proclaiming  a  state  of  siege  in  Sicily, 
anarchist  leaders  having  resorted  there  in  numbers,  an- 
archistic meetings  in  Marseilles  having  incited  Sicilian 
insurrection,  and  Guiseppe  de  Felice,  a  member  of  the 
Chamber,  having  been  arrested.  He  showed  documents 
incriminating  de  Felice  in  the  encouragement  of  the  revolu- 
tion, and  on  the  strength  of  these  the  Chamber  ordered 
his  arraignment. 

ANDERSOIS",  city,  cap.  of  Madison  co.,  Ind.;  pop. 
(1890)  10,741;  (1894)  est.  20,615.  The  assessed  valuation 
1894  was  $6,973,575,  and  total  debt,  March  1,  1895,  $154,- 
500.  In  1895  it  had  a  trolley  road  with  11  m.  of  track,  and 
3  daily  and  3  weekly  periodicals. 

ANDOVER  THEOLOGICAL  SEMLVARY,  Andover, 
Mass.:  Instructors  at  the  close  of  1894,  9;  students,  89; 
graduates  since  organization,  2,014;  vols,  in  library,  49,- 
000.  In  1895  inquiry  was  made  before  the  officers  of  the 
seminary  whether  Professor  AYilliam  H.  Ryder  had  not 
taught  contrary  to  the  creed  of  the  seminary,  but  after 
careful  investigation  the  charges  were  dismissed  as  un- 
founded. 

ANDREWS,  E.  Beis^jamin,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  President  of 
Brown  University  :  b.  at  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Jan.  10,  1844. 
He  published  in  1894  a  History  of  the  United  States,  in 
2  vols.;  and  An  Honest  Dollar,  a  Plea  for  Bimetallism. 
The  same  year  he  declined  the  office  for  co-president  of 
Chicago  University. 

AKGELL,  G.  T.,  president  of  The  American  Humane 
Education  Society,  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Animals.  In  1894  he  published 
Autobiographical  Sketches  and  Personal  Recollections. 

ANN  ARBOR,  city,  cap.  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mich.; 
pop.  (1890)  9,431;  (1894)  state  census,  11,069.  In  1895 
it  had  a  trolley  road,  reorganized  1894,  with  7  m.  of 
track,  and  17  i3eriodicals,  of  which  3  were  daily,  6  weekly, 
and  6  monthly. 

ANNISTON,  city,  Calhoun  cc,  Ala.;  pop.  (1890), 
9,998  ;  (1895)  est.  11,000.     In  1894  it  had  assessed  valua- 


ANSONIA.  [CB 

tions,  real  $4,118,340,  personal  $1,162,674— total,  $5,281,- 
014 ;  tax  rate  $14  per  $1,000  ;  and  1895  a  total  debt  of 
$295,000,  2  large  cotton  mills,  a  trolley  road  with  8  m.  of 
track,  and  a  daily,  a  weekly,  and  a  monthly  jDcriodical. 

ANSONIA,  co-extensive  town  and  city,  New  Haven 
CO.,  Conn.;  pop.  (1890),  10,342.  In  1894  it  had  a  total 
debt  of  $348,451 ;  assessed  valuation  $3,155,912  ;  tax  rate 
22  mills  per  |il.  The  Stokes  Memorial  Librarv,  presented 
to  the  town  1892  at  a  cost  of  $100,000  and  with  30,000 
volumes,  was  permanently  closed  Nov.,  1894.  In  1895 
the  town  had  a  national  bank  (cap.  $200,000,  surplus  $100,- 
000),  a  savings  bank  (deiwsits  $1,118,167,  surplus  $35,- 
215),  and  a  daily  and  a  weekly  newspaper. 

ANTHROPOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  OF  GKEAT 
BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  President  for  1894-95, 
Prof.  A.  Macalister,  of  Cambridge  University  ;  Hon.  Secre- 
tary, Cuthbert  Peck  ;  Offices,  3  Hanover  square,  "VY.  Lon- 
don.    The  Institute  publishes  a  quarterly  journal. 

ANTIOCH  COLLEGE,  Yellow  Springs,  0.:  Instruc- 
tors at  close  of.  1894,  12;  students,  200;  graduates  since 
organization,  200;  vols,  in  library,  7,000;  value  of  proper- 
ty, $250,000.     President,  Rev.  D.  A.  Long,  d.d.,  ll.d. 

ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY,  AMERICAN:  Presi- 
dent, Stephen  Salisbury ;  Vice-presidents,  George  F.  Hoar 
and  Edward  Everett  Hale  ;  Council,  Samuel  A.  Green,  P. 
Emery  Aldrich,  Egbert  C.  Smyth,  Samuel  Swett  Green, 
Edward  L.  Davis,  Franklin  B.  Weeden  ;  Secretary  for 
Domestic  Correspondence,  Rev.  George  F.  Ellis,  Boston  ; 
and  John  D.  Washburn,  Worcester.  The  annual  meetings 
are  held  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  October.  The  American 
membership  of  the  society  is  limited  to  140.  The  semi- 
annual meeting  was  held  in  Boston,  April  24,  1895. 

ANTWERP  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION:  opened 
May  5, 1894,  by  the  King  and  Queen  of  the  Belgians,  in  the 
presence  of  40,000  persons  ;  closed  Oct.  2.  There  were 
exhibits  from  the  Congo  State,  and,  in  the  order  named, 
from  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  India,  and  the 
United  States.  The  exhibit  from  Belgium  was,  of  course, 
much  the  largest.  The  French  exhibitors  received  159 
grand  prizes,  more  than  any  other  nation  ;  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies  received  23  grand  prizes  and  331  awards 
of  all  classes ;  the  United  States  veceived  122  awards  of 


Cc)  ARBITRATION. 

various  classes.  There  was  a  reproduction  of  Antwerp  in 
the  sixteenth  century ;  streets  in  Cairo  and  Constanti- 
nople ;  and  Oriental  side-shows  as  in  Chicago. 

ARBITRATION.  What  was  known  as  the  Missiones 
boundary  question  arose  between  Brazil  and  the  Argentine 
Republic.  It  concerned  the  ow^iership  of  a  strip  of  land 
between  Iguassa  and  the  Uruguay  river,  with  an  area  of 
11,823  sq.  m.,  and  population  of  about  7,000,  forming  the 
judicial  division  of  the  Brazilian  state  of  Parana.  The 
question  was  submitted  for  arbitration  to  President  Cleve- 
land, Feb.  10,  1894  ;  Dr.  Zeballos,  Argentine  minister  at 
Washington,  representing  his  country,  and  Baron  de  Rio- 
Branco  and  Gen.  de  C astro- Cerquina  representing  Brazil. 
The  president  announced  his  decision  in  favor  of  Brazil, 
Feb.  6,  1895,  and  the  Argentine  Government  acquiesced. 

The  Paris  house  of  Dreyfus  claimed,  in  1894,  20,000,000 
francs  which  had  been  deposited  by  Chile  in  the  Bank  of 
England.  The  money  had  been  realized  from  the  sale  of 
guano,  and  was  deposited  to  cover  money  due  to  the  credit- 
ors of  Peru,  among  whom  was  the  house  of  Dreyfus.  The 
claim  was  submitted  in  1894  for  arbitration  to  the  Swiss 
Federal  Tribunal. 

Among  the  more  important  acts  recently  looking  toward 
more  general  arbitration  of  international  questions  are  the 
following: 

The  House  of  Representatives  July  27,  1894,  ordered  a 
favorable  report  on  the  Springer  arbitration  bill.  The 
British  Government  during  1894  took  decisive  measures  to 
prevent  the  fitting  out  at  Glasgow  or  Newcastle  of  vessels 
of  war  for  either  China  or  Japan,  strictly  enforcing  the 
foreign  enlistment  act.  The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies 
July  8,  1895,  adopted  a  motion  suggesting  that  the  govern- 
ment open  negotiations  as  soon  as  possible  with  the 
United  States  for  the  conclusion  of  a  permanent  treaty  of 
arbitration.  The  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  Nov. 
7,  1895,  called  attention  to  a  recent  article  in  The 
University  Law  Review  which  describes  the  growth  of 
international  arbitration,  and  urges  the  crystallizing  into 
law  of  the  practice  of  to-day  general  with  the  United 
States  and  common  with  other  nations,  and  looking  toward 
the  establishment  of  a  great  international  tribunal  of 
abritration. 


AncB^OLOGT.  [CD 

It  appeared  that  since  tlie  year  1816  there  have  been 
112  international  arbitrations  between  different  Euroi^ean 
nations,  the  United  States,  and  the  states  of  Central  and 
South  America,  nearly  all  within  the  last  fifty  years,  and 
the  United  States  has  arbitrated  its  claims  30  times,  7  times 
with  Great  Britain. 

AECHzEOLOGY.  It  is  difficult  to  select  from  the 
great  number  of  interesting  archaeological  discoveries  of 
1894  and  1895.  Early  in  1894  eight  Roman  coins  were 
found  by  a  Mashona  native  in  Matabeleland,  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  famous  ruins  of  Zimbaye.  Two  of  these  have  on 
the  obverse  a  female  head  with  the  words  Helena  Augusta ; 
four  have  the  figure  of  a  man  with  the  words  Coustantius 
Gaes;  and  the  reverse  of  one  is  thought  to  represent 
Romulus  and  Remus  suckled  by  the  wolf. 

M.  de  Morgan  in  1894,  discovered  at  Dashur,  Egypt,  a 
quantity  of  jewelry  and  some  tombs  adorned  vv^ith  admi- 
rable frescoes.  The  discovery  of  a  stele  bearing  the  car- 
touche of  a  high  priest  of  Heliopolis,  the  oldest  son  of 
Suefron,  fixes  the  date  of  these  monuments  in  the 
beginning  of  the  fourth,  or  end  of  the  third  dynasty. 
Early  in  February  he  found  two  undisturbed  tombs, 
one  of  which  contained  a  sarcophagus  with  the  painted 
name  Ita,  the  mummy  being  adorned  with  necklaces  and 
bracelets,  and  having  near  her  a  bronze  poniard  with  gold 
jewelled  handle.  The  body  was  covered  with  beads  of  pearl, 
gold,  carnelian,  lapis-lazuli,  and  Egyptian  emerald.  The 
name  on  the  sarcophagus  in  the  second  tomb  is  the  Princess 
Khnounict,  and  this  mummy  v/as  more  splendidly  jewelled, 
and  with  it  were  two  gold  crowns  richly  jewelled.  The 
gold  in  these  ornaments  weighed  1,782  grms.  These 
princesses  were  of  the  twelfth  dynasty. 

M.  Ed.  Naville  reported  in  Feb.  and  March,  1895,  from 
Deir-el-bahari,  the  excavation  of  the  middle  platform  near 
the  Hathor  shrine.  Sculptures  o±  vultures  and  asps  have 
been  erased  by  enemies  of  the  worship  of  Amon.  One  frag- 
ment shows  Egyptians  cutting  large  branches  from  a  tree 
shown  to  be  ebony.  In  a  rock-hewn  burial  chamber  three 
large  wooden  coffins  were  found,  two  having  five  wooden 
hawks  carved  upon  them,  and  each  having  at  the  feet  a 
wooden  jackal.  These  bodies  Avere  a  priest,  his  mother, 
and  his  aunt,  of  the  Saitic  epoch. 


ce]  AttCHKR. 

Dr.  Walclstein  wrote  from  Athens,  Greece,  that  the  ex- 
cavation of  the  Heraion  of  Argos,  has  been  carried  on  success- 
fully during  the  season  of  1895,  showing  a  beautiful  stoa 
with  walls  of  most  perfect  Greek  masonry.  AVithin  are 
nine  Doric  pillars,  all  the  bases  in  situ.  There  are  inter- 
esting fragments  of  statues.  The  building  shows  the 
change  from  the  Mycenj^an  to  the  Argive  supremacy.  The 
heads  are  worked  in  a  vigorous  manner  with  execution  not 
inferior  to  those  of  the  Parthenon.  They  are  most  impor- 
tant remains  of  the  fifth  century  B.C. 

At  Eretria,  Greece,  Prof.  B.  B.  Richardson,  reported  in 
June,  1895,  the  laying  bare  of  a  large  building,  in  one  room  of 
which  stood  the  tubs  of  the  city  laundry.  Here  was  found 
among  other  fragments  a  fine  archaistic  head  of  Dionysos, 
bearded. 

The  most  important  discovery  of  1894  in  Italy  is  that  of 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Anxur,  at  Terracina.  This  building 
is  mentioned  by  Livy,  A^irgil,  and  Servius.  The  arches  of 
the  substructure  have  long  been  known,  but  were  attributed 
to  the  Goths.  Accidental  discovery  of  a  wall  and  cornice 
led  Signor  Pio  Capponi  to  investigation  which  seemed  to 
identify  it  with  the  historic  temple  of  Jupiter.  Eemains 
of  mosaic  pavement  confirmed  this  judgment ;  and  Signor 
Capponi  was  enabled  to  push  the  excavations  till  the  entire 
plan  of  the  temple,  33.50  m.  by  19.70  m.  was  uncovered. 
A  short  distance  to  the  east  was  found  the  cave  of  the 
oracle,  and  along  the  east  side  many  votive  objects,  and  an 
inscription  showing  that  Venus  had  a  sanctuary  in  the 
large  temple. 

The  trustees  of  the  British  Museum  published  in  the  fall 
of  1895  an  Arabic  MS.,  which  contains  in  Coptic  a  treatise 
in  25  chapters  on  Christian  Theology,  and  a  special  treatise 
on  the  cult  relating  to  images  of  Christ  and  the  saints  by 
Theodorus,  Bishop  of  Harran.     Its  date  is  877,  a.d. 

ARCHER,  William,  dramatic  critic  :  b.  at  Perth,  Scot- 
land, in  1856.  He  published  in  1894  Hannele  :  a  Dream 
Poem  by  Gerhart  Hauptmann  (translated):  and  edited  the 
same  year,  with  Robert  W.  Lowe,  Dramatic  Essa3'S  of 
Leigh  Hunt  and  William  Hazlitt  (2  vols.). 

ARCHITECTS,  American  Institute  of  :  organized 
in  1857.  President,  Daniel  H.  Burnham  ;  vice-presidents, 
George  B.  Post  and  William  S.  Eames ;  secretary,  Alfred 


AROfIC  EXPLOUATION.  [cj- 

Stone,  Providence,  R.  I. ;  treasurer,  S.  A.  Treat.  The 
institutes  has  23  chapters,  500  fellows,  and  81  honorary 
members.  Its  object  is  to  unite  in  fellowship  the  architects 
of  this  continent,  and  promote  the  cause  of  architecture. 
The  28th  annual  convention  was  held  in  New  York  in 
Nov.,  1894,  and  the  29th  convention  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in 
Oct.,  1895. 

AECTIC  EXPLORATION.  Lieut.  Robert  E.  Peary, 
c.E.,IT.  S.  N.J  sailed  on  his  second  Arctic  exjDedition  in 
1893,  taking  with  him  his  wife,  and  a  party  of  scientific 
helpers,  sending  home  his  vessel,  the  Falcon,  and  going  into 
camp  on  the  west  coast  of  Greenland.  Here  a  daughter 
was  born  to  him  in  Sept.  Most  of  the  winter  of  1893-94 
was  devoted  to  preparations  for  inland  sledge  exploring. 
March  6, 1894,  with  8  men,  12  sledges,  and  92  dogs  he  set  out 
for  Independence  Bay.  Dr.  Vincent  was  sent  back  in- 
capacitated by  illness.  March  19,  their  camp  was  pitched 
5,500  feet  above  the  sea.  In  a  fierce  storm  some  of  the 
dogs  were  frozen  solid.  After  covering  one-fourth  of  the 
distance  to  Indepeiidence  Bay,  the  loss  of  many  dogs,  and 
other  hardships,  compelled  them  to  return.  They  had  sur- 
veyed and  mapped  out  150  m.  of  coast-line  hitherto  un- 
known. The  relief  auxiliary  expedition  sailed  from  Brook- 
lyn, June  20,  1894,  Mr.  Henry  S.  Bryant,  leader,  and 
the  party  including  Prof.  Wm.  Libbey  of  Princeton  as 
geographer.  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlain  of  the  University  of 
Chicago  as  geologist,  and  Dr.  Axel  Ohlin  of  Sweden, 
zoologist.  They  opened  communication  with  Peary  Aug. 
1,  and  reached  Falcon  Bay  Aug.  20.  Aug.  26  they  re- 
turned, leaving  only  Lieut.  Peary  and  two  volunteers,  Lee 
and  Henson,  to  com23lete  their  explorations  next  season. 
A  second  relief  party  brought  these  back  in  Sept.,  1895. 

Peary^s  survey  covers  1,000  miles,  counting  the  indenta- 
tions, of  the  coast  of  Greenland.  The  direction  of  the  coast, 
the  bays  indicated,  and  the  islands,  make  a  new  map. 
Gen.  A.  W.  Greely  says  that  this  survey  carries  explora- 
tion 200  m.  above  the  German  explorers  of  1870,  and  has 
extended  the  knowledge  of  the  coast  northward  two  de- 
grees. Eleven  islands  are  accurately  marked  which  are 
not  on  previous  charts.  About  100  glaciers  are  accurately 
located  where  before  only  10  were  known  aud  these  not 
accurately.      The   observations   in   meteorology,   geology., 


cg]  arctic  exploration 

biology,  and  Eskimo  etlmology  have  greatly  advanced  the 
cause  of  science.  They  did  not  get  as  far  north  as  their 
predecessors;  being  within  16  m.  of  Independence  Bay 
when  the  dogs  utterly  broke  down,  and  they  barely  got 
back  with  their  lives;  but  the  real  success  of  their  expedi- 
tion in  scientific  results  surpasses  all  recent  attempts, 
wliile  it  has  been  gained  at  a  minimum  expense  of  money 
and  without  loss  of  life. 

F.  G.  Jackson  sailed  from  England,  in  the  steamer 
Windward,  in  Sept.,  1894.  They  landed  near  Cape  Flora, 
Franz  Josef  Land,  Sept.  7,  and  erected  log  houses,  roofed 
with  canvas,  the  lodging  house  lined  with  felt,  and  sent 
back  their  vessel.  March  10,  1895,  Jackson  and  two  others 
went  north  with  2  ponies  and  2  sledges.  They  found  the 
general  elevation  of  the  country  2,500  ft.  above  the  sea, 
covered  with  ice,  their  way  interrupted  along  the  coast  by 
high  basaltic  clifis.  The  temperature  fell  to  — 45°.  They 
reached  81^  20'  north  latitude,  and  there  left  two  boats  for 
use  later.  They  made  a  second  journey  in  April-May, 
finding  the  temperature  often  — 50^.  Their  surveys  great- 
ly altered  the  map  of  Franz  Josef  Land.  The  Windward 
took  them  supplies  in  the  summer  of  1895  and  returned 
with  their  report  in  Oct.,  ex^oecting  to  go  back  in  1896. 
Jackson  is  assured  that  Franz  Josef  Land  reaches  to  with- 
in 470  m.  of  the  pole.  He  intends  to  explore  more  fully 
in  1896,  and  may  probably  not  be  heard  from  till  1897. 

Eobert  Stein,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  under  an 
advisory  committee  including  Gen.  A.  "W.  Greely,  Prof. 
T.  0.  Mendenhall,  and  Commodore  G.  W.  Melville, 
planned  an  expedition  in  1894  to  rescue  the  Swedish 
naturalists  Bjorling  and  Kallstenius,  and  explore  Ellsmere 
Land;  but  being  unable  to  charter  the  vessel  he  needed,  he 
abandoned  tlie  expedition  in  May. 

Walter  AVellman  sailed  from  Bergen,  K'orway,  April  24, 
1894,  on  the  steamer  Ragnvald  Jarl.  They  reached  81° 
north  May  12,  when  sudden  cold  storms  and  ice  blocked 
further  progress.  They  surveyed  the  coast  of  JS'ortheast 
Land,  adding  four  capes  and  one  island  to  the  map.  July 
1,  Wellman  and  seven  others  started  north  over  the  ice 
with  an  aluminum  boat.  The  boat  showed  great  strength, 
but  July  4  they  had  to  turn  back.  They  reached  their 
party  July  22,  one  of  them  having  to  be  carried  with  Oi 
broken  leg.     Aug.  4  they  sailed  for  Norway, 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.  [ch 

Dr.  F.  A.  Cook  sailed  from  New  York,  June  30,  1894, 
on  the  steamer  Miranda,  accompanied  by  Professors  W.  H. 
Brewer  of  Yale,  G.  F.  Wright  of  Oberlin,  and  B.  0. 
Jillson  of  Pittsburg  as  geologists;  L.  L.  Dyke  of  Kansas 
University  as  zoologist;  E.  P.  Lyon  of  Chicago  as  biologist; 
and  others.  They  collided  with  un  iceberg  July  17,  but 
July  29  sailed  from  St.  Johns,  N.  F.,  for  Greenland.  Aug. 
7  they  reached  Sukkertoppen,  63°  25'  north.  Sailing  from 
here  Aug.  9  they  ran  on  a  hidden  rock,  but  floated  of! 
and  moored  in  a  harbor.  Deeming  the  vessel  unsafe  for 
further  exploring,  they  hired  the  fishing  schooner  Rigel, 
and  put  the  passengers  on  her  and  towed  her  back  toward  St. 
Johns  Aug.  21.  But  Aug.  23  it  was  necessary  to  abandon 
the  Miranda  with  the  loss  of  baggage,  instruments,  and 
collections,  so  that  the  party  came  home  with  small  re- 
sults of  their  work. 

ARGENTIiSrE  EEPUBLIC,  a  federation  of  14  states 
and  9  territories,  on  the  e.  coast  of  South  America;  pop. 
(1895)  census  estimate,  4,750,000;  cap.,  Buenos  Ayres. 
The  budget  for  1896  showed:  Income,  paper  $49,560,000, 
gold  |31,^048',000;  expenses,  paper  185,500,000,  gold  $20,- 
492,000 — an  increase  over  1895  of  19,750,000  in  paper  and 
$5,468,000  in  gold,  a  large  part  of  which  is  for  the  army 
and  navy.  In  Oct.,  1895,  the  President  asked  Congress  for 
authority  to  negotiate  the  conversion  of  all  bonds  of  the 
foreign  debt  to  one  4  per  cent,  bond,  stating  that  all  the 
national  and  provincial  obligations  might  be  covered  with 
$370,000,000,  leaving  a  gold  reserve  of  $30,000,000.  The 
governrnxcnt  has  negotiated  a  loan  of  $5,000,000  in  London 
with  which  to  establish  a  State  bank,  and  Congress  has 
passed  a  bill  granting  an  annual  subsidy  of  $100,000  to  a 
steamship  company,  which  agrees  to  make  18  trips  annually 
between  Buenos  Ayres  and  New  York.  A  cabinet  crisis 
and  a  po2:)ular  demonstration  against  the  government  were 
averted  in  Aug.  by  the  resignation  of  the  minister  of  war 
and  navy  and  the  reorganization  of  those  departments. 
The  Southern  Railv/ay  is  to  be  extended  from  Bahia  Blanca 
to  Neuquen,  which  will  open  up  some  of  the  richest  agri- 
cultural and  grazing  lands  in  the  republic;  and  in  connec- 
tion with  this  agreement  the  government  is  considering  a 
proposition  to  grant  free  lands  to  all  settlers  in  the  Kio 
Negro  valley.  The  modifications  in  the  treaty  made  by  the 
U,  S.  Senate  were  approved  by  the  Argentine  Senate  Sept. 


ci]  AitofM 

24,  and  certain  amendments  proposed  by  the  U.  S.  were 
postponed  for  further  consideration.  The  boundary  dis- 
pute with  Chili  has  been  settled  amicably.  In  accordance 
with  the  Argentine  convention.  Chili  agreed  to  the  removal 
of  the  San  Francisco  landmark,  allowing  the  boundary  line 
to  pass  through  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Andes,  and  giving 
Argentina  an  additional  600  leagues  of  territory.  The 
boundary  delimitation  in  Tierra  del  Fuego  has  been  ap- 
proved. As  a  result  of  the  boundary  settlement,  an.  effort 
has  been  made  in  both  countries  to  secure  a  mutual  agree- 
ment to  cease  buying  materials  of  war.  There  are  now  30 
different  railways  in  the  republic,  aggregating  8,556  m.,  of 
which  5  belong  to  the  state  and  10  are  guaranteed  by  it. 
A  comparatively  new  development  is  the  trade  in  live  cattle 
and  sheep  between  the*  republic  and  Europe.  Between  Jan. 
1  and  Aug.  22, 1895,  the  exportation  of  live  cattle  averaged 
7,000  steers  and  41,000  head  of  sheep  per  month,  each 
month  showing  an  increase  over  the  j)receding  one.  Dur- 
ing 1895  the  republic  was  free  from  serious  disturbances, 
all  public  and  private  efforts  tending  to  the  development  of 
its  vast  resources. 

ARGOIS".  This  probably  new  eiement  owes  its  discovery 
to  investigations  of  Prof.  William  Eamsay  and  Lord  Eay- 
leigh.  They  found  that  nitrogen  liberated  from  chemical 
compounds  was  lighter  than  atmospheric  nitrogen.  Their 
work  led  to  the  conclusion  that  there  was  an  undiscovered 
element  in  the  air.  It  is  separated  by  acting  on  air  with 
red-hot  copper  filings  to  separate  the  oxygen.  The  residual 
gas  is  dried  and  passed  over  white-hot  magnesium  filings. 
The  magnesium  combines  with  the  nitrogen,  producing  a 
solid  nitride  and  leaving  argon  as  a  gas.  The  argon  amounts 
in  volume  to  about  4  per  cent,  of  the  nitrogen.  The  argon 
is  treated  repeatedly  by  a  substantial  duplication  of  the 
above  process,  some  days  being  required  to  dispose  of  all 
the  nitrogen.  Another  method  of  23reparation  is  to  pass 
electric  sparks,  preferably  from  platinum  terminals,  through 
the  nitrogen  mixed  with  oxygen.  This  gradually  burns  up 
the  nitrogen.  Its  oxide  can  be  absorbed  by  caustic  alkali, 
leaving  argon  as  a  gas.  Argon  has  a  characteristic  spec- 
trum. Its  specific  gravity  (IIz=:l)  is  between  19  and  21. 
It  is  about  2^  times  as  soluble  in  water  as  nitrogen.  Its 
critical  temperature  ( — 121°C.)  and  boiling  point  ( — 187°C.) 
are  lower  than  those  of  oxygen.    Prof.  Olszewski  succeeded 


Argyll.  [dj 

in  solidifjdng  it  to  white  crystals  melting  at  — 189. 6°  C. 
It  seems  to  be  inculpable  of  combining  with  anything.  It 
has  been  fonnd  in  cleveite  and  in  a  meteorite.  There  is 
still  much  doubt  concerning  its  true  status. 

ARGYLL,  George  Joh^^"  Douglas  Campbell,  k.g., 
K.T.,  P.O. :  1st  duke  of,  in  the  j^eerage  of  the  United  King- 
dom, 8th  duke  of,  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland;  b.  in  Ardin- 
caple  Castle,  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  1823.  In  1894 
he  published  The  Burdens  of  Belief,  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  on  July  30,  1895,  was  married,  for  the  third  time;,  to 
his  cousin,  Ina  Erskine  McNeill,  at  Ripon. 


ARIZONA. 

ARIZONA,  one  of  the  territories  of  tlie  United  States  of 
North  America;  organized  Feb.  14,  1863;  counties,  12; 
capital,  Phenix. 

State  Officers,  1895. — Gov.  (appointed  for  4  years,  salary 
12,600  per  annum),  Louis  C.  Hughes;  sec,  0.  M.  Bruce; 
treas.,  P.  J.  Cole;  auditor,  C.  P.  Leitch;  adj. -gen.,  Ed- 
ward Schwartz;  atty.-gen.,  F.  J.  Heney;  supt.  of  instruc- 
tion, F.  J.  Netherton;  chief  justice  supreme  court,  Albert 
C.  Baker;  assoc.  justices,  John  J.  Hawkins,  Owen  T. 
Rouse,  and  James  D.  Bethune — all  Democrats. 

Legislature,  1895. — Council  12  members;  house  24;  Rep. 
in  council  6,  house  17,  joint  ballot  23;  Dem.  in  council  6; 
house  7,  joint  ballot  13;  Rep.  majority,  house  10. 

Elections. — In  the  territorial  elections  for  Congress,  1894, 
there  was  a  total  of  13,427  votes  cast,  of  which  the  Rep. 
candidate  received  5,648;  the  Dem.  candidate,  4,473;  and 
the  Pop.  candidate,  3,006;  Rep.  plurality,  875. 

Farm.  ProfZ?<d.^.— Reported  Dec.  31,  1894:  Corn,  84,779 
bush.,  from  4,558  acres,  value  $84,779;  wheat,  187,000 
bush.,  from  11,000  acres,  value  $187,000;  barley,  249,150 
bush.,  from  9,966  acres,  value  $186,863;  potatoes,  24,240 
bush.,  from  391  acres,  value  $30,303;  and  hay,  65,919 
tons,  from  36,219  acres,  value  $791,028. 

Farm  Animals. — Reported  Jan.  1,  1895:  Horses,  54,278, 
value  $1,770,815;  mules,  1,327,  value  $39,940;  cows,  14,- 
878,  value  $334,755;  cattle,  649,502,  value  $6,261,204; 
sheep,  746.546,  value  $901,081;  and  hogs,  20,904,  value 
$101,696. 

Reclaimed  Land. — According  to  the  report  of  Gov. 
Hughes  for  1895  there  were  579,000  acres  of  land  under 
cultivation,  of  which  all  but  15,000  acres  had  been  made 
productive  by  irrigation.  There  were  canals  and  storage 
reservoirs  under  construction  which  will  add  535,000  acres 
to  the  arable  lands,  and  others  were  projected  that  will 
reclaim  over  750,000  acres  more.  During  1894-5  the  agri- 
cultural area  was  increased  by  irrigation  to  the  extent  of 
45,000  acres. 

Mineral  Output. — Since  the  repeal  of  the  silver-purchas- 
ing clause  of  the  Sherman  law,  the  output  of  silver  has 
steadily  decreased  and  that  of  gold  increased.  Mining  re- 
ports of  1895  show:  Output  of  gold,  $4,260,000,  which 
was  nearly  double  that  of  1894,  and  four  times  that  of 
1893;  silver,  1,750,000  oz.,  a  decrease  in  value  from  that 


ARIZONA— 2. 

of  1894  of  over  1500,000;  copper,  49,661,289-  lb.,  vjilue 
$6,207,611;  and  lead,  value  $350,000,  making  the  total 
value  of  bullion  exports  $11,955,111  for  the  year  and 
$113,739,126  for  the  last  19  years. 

Finances. — At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1894,  the  treas- 
ury showed  a  balance  for  the  first  time,  $5,832,  and  by  re= 
duction  of  salaries  and  other  economies,  it  was  able  to  re-= 
deem  $50,485  of  the  territorial  debt  during  the  fiscal  year 
1895.  The  aggregate  debt  July  1,  1894,  was  $2,206,523, 
comprising  a  bonded  debt,  $2,036,000,  floating,  $170,523; 
of  the  total,  $1,331,899  was  the  indebtedness  of  counties  and 
cities,  making  the  net  territorial  debt  $874,624.  The 
total  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  1894  was  $27,- 
061,974;  1895,  $27,518,332,  increase,  $456,358. 

Banks. — On  Oct.  3,  1894,  there  were  5  national  banks, 
Avith  a  combined  capital  of  $400,000,  which  held  $100,500 
in  U.  S.  bonds,  an  excess  of  $500  over  the  required 
amount.  These  banks  had  outstanding  on  loans  and  dis- 
counts an  aggregate  of  $524,304;  held  in  coin  and  coin 
certificates,  $109,453;  and  had  outstanding  of  their  own 
bills  $97,450  out  of  an  issue  of  $244,800.  The  territorial 
banks  numbered  4,  and  had  capital  $240,200,  resources 
$1,327,176,  deposits  $692,037,  and  suriolus  $142,900. 

Commerce. — The  territory  has  no  port  of  entry;  its  for- 
eign trade  is  entered  at  Pacific  ports,  and  its  domestic 
comprises  chiefly  its  agricultural  and  mineral  productions. 
In  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1895,  the  imports 
amounted  in  value  to  $278,396,  exports,  $818,278. 
Among  domestic  shipments  besides  the  precious  metals 
were,  agricultural  products,  value  over  $1,779,000;  lum- 
ber, 35,000,000  ft.;  wool,  2,904,130  lb.;  sheep,  48,596; 
and  hides,  72,500. 

Railroads. — The  single  track  railroad  mileage  Dec.  31, 
1893,  was  1,161.97,  which  Avas  increased  during  1894  to 
1,355.46.  The  new  trackage  included  the  completion  of 
the  Santa  Fe,  Prescott  &  Phenix  railroad  to  the  latter  city. 

Post-offices. — Reported  Dec.  31,  1894:  Second-class  2; 
third-class  7  (presidential  9);  fourth-class  179;  money- 
order  offices  48. 

Pnblicatiofis. — Reported  Mav,  1895:  Daily,  10;  weekly, 
33. 

Churches. — The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  strongest  de- 
nomination, and  is  followed  by  the  Latter-day  Saints,  the 


ARIZONA—^. 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South,  the  Methodist  Episcopal,  the 
Baptist,  the  Presbyterian,  the  Protestant  Episcopal,  and 
the  Congregational. 

Schools. — In  1895  the  public  schools  had  11,450  en- 
rolled pupils;  314  teachers,  to  whom  $137,291  was  paid  in 
salaries;  and  property  valued  at  $415,132;  and  cost  for 
maintenance  1201,357.  The  Univ.  of  Arizona,  at  Tucson, 
had  10  instructors,  38  students,  130,190  income,  $26,475 
invested  in  scientific  apparatus  and  library,  and  $(36,700  in 
grounds  and  buildings.  A  new  building  is  being  erected, 
for  the  normal  school,  a  reform  school  is  about  to  be 
opened  at  Flagstaff,  and  a  number  of  high  schools  will  be 
established  in  1896  under  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  1894. 
There  are  also  about  700  children  enrolled  in  private  and 
denominational  schools,  which  cost  about  $10,000  j)er 
annum. 

Libraries. — In  1893  there  were  reported  3  public  li- 
braries of  1,000  volumes  each  and  upward,  with  a  total  of 
15,000  bound  volumes  and  3,000  pamphlets. 

Statehood. — On  July  25th,  1894,  the  U.  S.  Senate  com- 
mittee on  territories  ordered  a  favorable  report  on  a  bill 
providing  for  the  admission  into  the  Union  of  the  territo- 
ries of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  on  the  same  general  line 
as  the  one  for  the  admission  of  Utah;  but  Congress  ad- 
journed without  further  action. 

Popiilation.—ln  1890,  59,620,  of  whom  36,571  were 
males;  23,049  females;  40,825  natives;  18,795  foreign- 
born;  55,580  whites;  and  4,040  colored,  including  1,170 
Chinese  and  1,512  civilized  Indians.  The  total  Indian 
IDopulation  in  1895  was  about  37,000.  Gov.  Hughes  esti- 
mates the  whole  legal  population  at  77,000,  a  gain  of  7,000 
in  a  year. 


ARKANSAS.  [dd 

ARKANSAS,  one  of  the  United  States  of  North  Amer- 
ica; admitted  to  the  Union  June  15,  1836;  seceded  March 
4,  1861;  readmitted  June  2"^,  1868;  counties,  75;  capital. 
Little  Rock. 

State  Officers,  1895-97. — Gov.  (elected  for  2  years, 
salary  13,000  per  annum),  James  P.  Clarke;  sec.  of  state, 
H.  B.  Armistead;  treas..  Ransom  Gulley;  audi^tor,  C.  B. 
Mills;  atty.-gen.,  E.  B.  Kinsworth;  adj. -gen.'  (acting), 
Marcellus  Davis;  com.  of  mines,  manufactures,  and  agri- 
culture, W.  G.  Yincenheller;  land  com.,  J.  F.  Richie; 
supt.  of  instruction,  Junius  Jordan;  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  Henry  G.  Bunn;  assoc.  justices,  Simon  P. 
Hughes,  CD.  Wood,  Burrill  B.  Battle,  James  E.  Riddick; 
clerk,  W.  P.  Campbell — all  Dem. 

Legislattire,  1895-97.- — Dem.,  senate  31,  house  88,  joint 
ballot  119;  Rep.,  senate  1,  house  3,  joint  ballot  4;  Pop., 
house  9;  Dem.  majoritv,  senate  30,  house  76,  joint  ballot 
106. 

Elections. — In  the  state  elections  1894  there  was  a  total 
of  126,956  votes  cast,  of  which  the  Dem.  candidate  for 
gov.  received  74,809;  Rep.  candidate  26,055;  Pop.  candi- 
date 24,541;  and  Pro.  candidate  1,551;  Dem.  pluralitv, 
48,724. 

Farm  Products. — Reported  Dec.  31,  1894:  Corn,  38-, 
437,824  bush.,  from  2,001,970  acres,  value  $18,065,777; 
wheat,  1,416,254  bush.,  from  160,938  acres,  value  1778,- 
940;  oats,  5,990,097  bush.,  from  323,789  acres,  value  12,- 
396,039;  rye,  21,069  bush.,  from  2,341  acres,  value  116,- 
012;  tobacco,  1,195,908  lbs.,  from  1,932  acres,  value  $131,- 
550;  potatoes,  1,372,516  bush.,  from  16,738  acres,  value 
$727,433;  and  hay,  248,247  tons,  from  188,066  acres, 
value  12,192,021. 

Fai^m  Animals. — Reported  Jan.  1,  1895:  Horses,  218,- 
165,  value  $7,156,836;  mules,  141,281,  value  $6,248,502; 
cows,  328,697,  value  $3,316,553;  cattle,  615,113,  value 
$4,406,364;  sheep,  212,328,  value  $288,278;  and  hogs, 
1,547,689,  value  $3,401,822. 

Cotton  Crop. — The  railway  and  water  movement  from 
Sept._  1,' 1894,  to  Jan..  1,  1895,  was  468,332  bales;  amount 
remaining  on  plantations  and  in  interior  towns  Jan.  1, 
1895,  196,249  bales;  bought  by  mills  from  Sept.  1,  1894,  to 
Jan.  1,  1895,  636  bales— total  crop  1894,  665,217  bales,  es- 
timated crop,  1895,  850,000  bales, 


t)E]  ARKAirSAS-t 

Crop  Averages. — Eeported  Nov.  1,  1805:  Corn,  buslio 
per  acre,  shelled,  21.5,  quality  95;  Irish  potatoes,  bush. 
per  acre,  70,  quality  95;  tobacco,  lbs,  per  acre,  698,  quality 
95;  hay,  tons  per  acre,  1.20,  quality  95;  cotton,  lbs.  per 
acre,  183;  sorghum,  gals,  per  acre,  93;  sugar  cane  product 
compared  with  that  of  previous  year,  105;  grape  product 
compared  with  a  full  crop,  77;  apples,  the  same,  91;  and 
pears,  the  same,  93. 

Manganese. — One  of  the  three  largest  manganese  ore 
regions  in  the  United  States  is  in  Arkansas.  There  are 
two  districts,  one  in  Independence  and  Izard  counties,  the 
other  extending  from  Pulaski  co.  to  Ind.  Terr.  The  pro- 
duction 1894  was  1,934  lbs.,  and  the  shipments,  including 
most  of  the  ore  mined  1893,  were  nearly  4,000  lbs. 

Finances. — The  recognized  bonded  debt  on  Oct.  1, 1894, 
was  $1,805,000,  overdue  interest  $3,018,022— total  14,823,- 
022,  about  one-half  of  which  is  due  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment as  representative  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the 
State  claiming  as  an  offset  unsettled  accounts  against  the 
government.  The  unrecognized  debt,  due  1900,  aggregates 
$8,706,773.  The  total  receipts  in  the  biennial  period  end- 
ing Oct.  1,  1894,  were  $1,947,083;  expenditures,  $916,369. 
In  1893  the  assessed  valuations  were:  Real  propertv,  $100,- 
809,742;  personal,  $72,716,742— total,  $173,526,484;  tax 
rate,  $5  per  $1,000;  in  1894  the  valuations  aggregated 
$175,708,834. 

Banks. — On  Oct.  2,  1894,  there  were  8  national  banks 
in  operation,  with  a  combined  capital  of  $1,050,000,  which 
held  $238,500  in  U.  S.  bonds,  an  excess  of  $1,000  over  the 
required  amount.  These  banks  had  outstanding  on  loans 
and  discounts  an  aggregate  of  $2,242,235,  represented  by 
demand  paper  with  individual  or  firm  names  $109,229;  the 
same  secured  by  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  personal  securi- 
ties $149,415;  time  paper  with  two  or  more  individual  or 
firm  names  $1,073,241;  time  paper  with  single  individual 
or  firm  name  $344,528;  and  the  same  secured  by  stocks, 
bonds,  or  other  personal  securities  $565,822.  The  com- 
bined outstanding  circulation  was  $261,680.  The  State 
banks,  June  30,  1894.  numbered  33,  and  had  capital  $1^- 
630,232,  deposits  $2,375,607,  resources  $4,744,917,  and 
surplus  and  profits  $525,329. 

Internal  Revenue. — During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1894,  the  collections  of  internal  revenue  aggregated 


ARKANSAS-^.  [df       / 

.^103,336.03;,  from  the  following  sources:  Distilled  spirits, 
$93,307.44;  tobacco,  $5,098.88;  fermented  liquors,  $1,860.- 
83;  oleomargarine,  $2,810;  and  penalties,  $258.88.  The 
-collections  from  the  same  sources  in  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1895,  Avere  $84,952.64. 

Railroads. — The  single-track  mileage  Dec.  31, 1893,  was 
2,369.91,  which  was  increased  during  1894  to  2,404.66. 
The  railroad  assessment  1893  was  $19,305,467,  and  1894, 
$19,923,353,  of  which  $8,966,209  was  against  the  Iron 
Mountain  road. 

Post-offices. — Eeported  Dec.  31,  1894:  First-class  1; 
second-class  4;  third-class  27  (presidential  32);  fourth-class 
1,641;  money-order  offices  262. 

Publications. — Reported  May,  1895:  Daily  20;  Aveekly 
223;  semi-monthly  4;  monthly  18;  and  quarterly  1. 

Churches. — The  Methodist  Episcopal  South  is  the  strong- 
est denomination  in  the  State,  and  is  followed  by  the  Regu- 
lar Baptist  Colored,  the  Regular  Baptist  South,  the  African 
Methodist  Episcopal,  the  Disciples,  and  the  Methodist 
Episcopal. 

Schools. — In  1894  there  were  425,349  children  of  school- 
age,  of  whom  285,159  were  enrolled  in  the  public  schools. 
The  total  revenue  for  school  purposes  1893,  was  $1,280,041, 
and  1894,  $1,283,715;  expenditures  1893,  $1,532,186, 
1894,  $1,444,301.  The  common-school  fund  apportion- 
ment 1894  was  $310,504.  There  are  5  universities  and 
colleges  of  liberal  arts,  with  46  instructors  and  1,111 
students  (male  658,  female  453)  in  all  dej)artments;  in- 
come 1892-3,  $27,530;  volumes  in  libraries,  9,200;  value 
of  scientific  apparatus  and  libraries,  $12,500;  value  of 
grounds  and  buildings,  $255,000;  and  aggregate  of  pro- 
ductive funds,  $15,500. 

Libraries. — In  1893  there  were  reported  12  public  li- 
braries of  1,000  volumes  each  and  upward,  with  a  total  of 
93,660  bound  volumes  and  8,500  pamphlets. 

Pojyulafion.—lw  1890,  1,128,179,  of  whom  585,755  were 
males;  542,424  females;  1,113,915  natives;  14, 264  foreign- 
born;  818,752  whites;  and  309,427  colored  of  all  races. 
On  June  1,  1894,  tlie  IJ.  S.  government  actuary  estimated 
the  population  at  1,251,000. 


DgJ  Ani^AJ^SAS  COLLEGE. 

ARKANSAS  COLLEGE,  Batesville,  Arkansas:  In- 
structors at  the  close  of  1894,  6;  students,  120;  gradiiates 
since  organization,  99;  vols,  in  library,  3,000;  value  of 
property,  825,000.     President,  Eugene  E.  Long,  PH.D. 

ARMENIANS.  A  Christian  people  occupying  the 
high  plains  and  valleys  of  a  country  east  of  Asia  Minor 
and  northeast  of  Syria,  2,500,000  of  them  living  within 
the  borders  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  while  1,200,000  are  in 
Russia,  and  150,000  in  Persia,  and  many  live  in  the  differ- 
ent Turkish  cities,  being  often  leading  bankers,  merchants 
and  skilled  artisans,  and  many  are  in  different  parts  of 
Europe  and  the  L^nited  States.  In  1894  it  was  estimated 
that  there  were  2,000  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 

Important  stations  of  American  Congregational  and 
Presbyterian  Missions  have  been  maintained  in  Turkish 
Armenia,  comprising  in  1894,  15  stations,  188  out-stations, 
with  153  American  laborers  and  791  native  helpers,  112 
churches,  and  11,481  members,  and  46,864  Sunday 
school  adherents.  This  mission  has  also  4  theological 
schools,  29  theological  students,  31  colleges  and  schools 
for  boys,  with  1,343  pupils,  and  20  colleges  and  schools 
for  girls  with  1,121  pupils.  There  are  also  312  common 
schools,  with  16,833  pupils  ;  and  the  contribution  of  the 
natives  to  the  American  Board  of  Missions  Avas  $34,758. 
In  March,  1894,  there  were  reports  of  special  outrages 
by  the  mountain  Kurds  who  had  been  organized  recently 
by  the  Sultan  into  the  Hamedieh,  or  irregular  cavalry. 
They  have  always  been  predatory  tribes,  dwelling  in  the 
mountains,  and  harrying  the  civilized  people  of  the  valleys. 
Recently  their  chiefs  had  been  called  to  Constantinople, 
and  given  military  rank.  These  Kurds,  partly  uniformed, 
ignore  all  civil  local  authorities,  and  as  organized  greatly 
increased  their  outrages  on  the  property  and  persons  of 
the  Armenians. 

Revolutionary  Armenians,  called  Hunchagists,  have 
formed  societies  in  Turkey,  England,  and  America,  and 
have  tried  to  meet  oppression  with  violence.  One  at- 
tempted, March  25,  1894,  to  kill  the  Armenian  patriarch 
in  Constantinople,  as  unfit  for  his  office.  The  patriarch 
escaped  but  soon  resigned.  Under  color  of  sup- 
pressing insurrection,  troops  were  massed  in  August  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Mush,  and  presently  reports  came  out 
from  Sassun,  southwest  of  Mush,  of  terrible  outrage  and 


ARMENIANS.  [Dit 

murder.  Later  confirmatory  reports  showed  that  in  Aug. 
and  Sept.,  not  less  than  27  villages  had  been  ravaged  and 
destroyed  by  Kurds,  with  the  help  of  regular  troops,  and 
from  0,000  to  10,000  men,  women,  and  children  massacred, 
hundreds  of  women  being  violated  before  being  murdered, 
and  other  atrocities  of  brutal  cruelty  beyond  description 
•being  committed.  These  reports  were  denied  by  the 
Turkish  officials  in  Constantinople  and  the  Turkish  legation 
in  Washington,  but  were  so  confirmed  that  earnest  remon- 
strances were  laid  before  the  Porte  by  the  representatives  of 
the  European  powers  and  the  United  States ;  and  Nov. 
30,  1894,  the  Sultan  sent  a  commission  to  investigate 
them.  This  commission  reported  in  May,  1895,  practically 
confirming  the  reports,  which  by  that  time  were  substan- 
tiated by  multiplied  testimony  and  had  been  followed  by 
reports  of  other  like  outrages.  Many  Armenians  were 
arrested  and  tried  for  insurrection  and  sedition,  the  trials, 
by  report  of  the  London  Daily  News  in  Feb.,  1895,  being 
wholly  farcical  and  unjust.  Meanwhile,  multitudes  of 
Armenians  were  fleeing  over  the  border  into  Russia,  al- 
though not  a  few  of  them  were  attacked  and  murdered 
by  Kurds  on  their  journey. 

In  May,  1895,  the  representatives  in  Constantinople  of 
the  European  powers  united  in  pressing  upon  the  Sultan 
the  necessity  of  reform  in  Armenia,  and  their  recommen- 
dation, though  rejected  at  first,  was  formally  accepted  in 
June,  in  anticipation  of  a  united  naval  demonstration. 
In  July,  American  missionaries  at  Mush,  trying  to  help 
the  impoverished  and  ruined  people,  were  greatly  retarded 
by  the  Turkish  officials,  while  the  Kurds  continued  their 
depredations.  New  outrages  were  continually  reported, 
and  a  more  imperative  remonstrance  came  from  the  powers 
in  Aug.  Oct.  2,  189'5,  several  hundred  Armenians  in 
(Jonstantinople  attempted  to  lay  the  grievances  of  their 
countrymen  before  the  Sultan.  Their  patriarch  dissuaded 
them,  but  they  pressed  on  to  the  palace,  and  in  a  conflict 
with  the  police  about  60  Armenians  and  Turks  were 
killed.  There  was  from  this  continual  rioting  and  blood- 
shed in  Constantinople,  about  500  from  the  crowd  were 
arrested,  and  it  was  said  that  many  were  murdered  in 
prison.  Mobs  looted  the  Armenian  shops,  and  murdered 
the  people,  the  police  giving  no  protection.  It  was  re- 
ported Oct.  11^  that  700  had  been  killed.     These  disorders 


Di]  ARMIES  OF  THE  WORLD- 

were  no  doubt  intensified  by  the  violence  of  the  Young 
Turkish  i)arty,  which  demanded  reforms  for  otliers  besides 
Armenians,  and  was  understood  to  threaten  eveii  the  life 
of  the  Sultan,  Hundreds  of  Armenians  in  Constantinople 
took  refuge  in  their  churches,  and  could  hardly  be  per- 
suaded that  their  lives  were  safe  elsewhere.  The  ambassa- 
dors of  the  powers  urged  upon  the  Porte,  Nov.  5,  that  the 
whole  military  strength  of  the  empire  be  applied  to  put 
an  end  to  the  massacres  which  still  continued.  Xov.  9, 
Babri  Pasha,  who  had  been  dismissed  from  his  official 
position  on  the  representations  of  the  British  ambassador 
because  of  his  ill-treatment  of  Armenians,  was  deco- 
rated by  the  Sultan  as  a  reward  for  good  services,  and 
many  others  were  so  honored  who  had  been  infamously 
prominent  in  Armenia.  Nov.  12,  the  Turkish  garrison 
at  Zeitun,  between  Erzerum  and  Trebizond,  surrendered 
to  a  body  of  Armenians,  who  occupied  the  Zeitun 
barracks,  with  their  arms,  ammunition  and  supplies. 
Further  reports  continued  through  Nov.,  1895,  of 
massacres  and  outrages,  and  it  was  estimated  that  20,000 
persons  were  killed  in  the  first  three  weeks  of  that  month. 
Nov.  15,  news  came  of  the  sacking  of  the  Armenian  mis- 
sionary college  and  headquarters  at  Ilarpoot.  The  prop- 
erty destroyed  was  valued  at  ^100,000.  About  800 
Armenians  were  killed  there,  but  the  American  missionaries 
escaped  to  a  place  of  security.  It  was  said  Nov.  19,  1895, 
that  the  representatives  of  the  powers  were  convinced  that 
the  Sultan  was  unable  to  control  events,  whatever  his  wish 
might  be. 

ARMIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  The  following  is  a  sum- 
mary of  the  military  strength  of  the  nations,  as  re-'^orted 
1895: 

Argentine  Bepuljlic. — Regular  army,  1,398  officers  and 
6,498  men;  national  guard,  480,000  officers  and  men. 

Austria-Hungary . — Peace  footing,  23,445  officers  and 
330,807  men;  war  footing,  45,238  officers  and  1,826,940 
men;  landsturm  in  war,  over  4,000,000. 

Belgium. — Peace  footing,  3,504  officers  and  46,262  men; 
war  footing,  154,780  officers  and  men;  Garde  Civique,  42,- 
732  officers  and  men. 

Bolivia. — Peace  footing,  367  superior  and  654  subordi- 
nate officers  and  950  men;  war  footing,  a  national  guard  in 
which  all  male  citizens  are  enrolled. 


ARMIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  [ej 

Brazil— Pe-dCQ  footing,  1,600  officers,  30,000  men,  and 
20,000  gendarmerie;  military  service  obligatory  since  1875. 

British  Empire. — Regular  army,  '7,496  commissioned 
officers,  1,027  warrant  officers,  15,989  sergeants,  3,673 
musicians,  and  127,162  rank  and  file;  Eeserves,  regular, 
first  and  second  classes,  84,450  officers  and  men,  militia, 
140,506,  yeomanry,  11,790,  volunteers,  262,520;  total 
home  and  colonial  forces,  644,575;  regular  forces  on 
Indian  service,  73,125;  grand  total,  717,700  officers  and 
mxcn,  of  whom  665,506  were  classed  as  effectives.  The  net 
cost  of  the  British  army  for  1894-5  was  £18,080,900  ($87,- 
873,174), 

Chile, — Regular  army,  by  law  1892,  526  officers  and 
6,000  men;  national  guard,  51,090  officers  and  men. 

China. — The  Eight  Banners,  323,800  officers  and  men; 
Ying  Ping  (national  army),  6,459  officers  and  650,000 
men;  active  armies  of  Manchuria,  the  Centre,  and  Turkes- 
tan, strength  unknown;  and  Territorial  (local  militia), 
200,000  in^peace,  and  probably  600,000  in  war. 

Colombia. — Peace  footing,  5,500  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  annually  fixed  by  Congress;  in  emergency,  the 
President  can  raise  all  troops  needed. 

Costa  Rica. — Peace  footing,  600  officers  and  men,  and 
12,000  militia;  war  footing,  34,000. 

Denmark. — Peace  footing,  778  officers  and  13,152  men; 
war  footing,  1,214  officers  and  42,919  men,  besides  a  reserve 
of  16,500  officers  and  men,  and  two  citizens'  corps  aggre- 
gating 17,000. 

Ecuador. — Peace  footing,  3,341  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  national  guard,  30,000. 

Egij2)t.---RQg\\Vd^r,  60  English  officers  and  13,000  men; 
British  army  of  occupation,  3,000  officers  and  men. 

France. — Peace  footing,  28,785  officers  and  598,024  men, 
with  140,912  horses,  of  whom  26,125  officers  and  527,737 
men  are  stationed  in  France,  2,125  officers  and  56,787  men 
in  Algeria,  and  535  officers  and  13,500  men  in  Tunis.  The 
1895  estimate  of  men  liable  to  military  service  was:  Active 
army  and  its  reserve,  2,350,000;  territorial  army,  900,000, 
territorial  reserve,  1,100,000— total,  4,350,000,  of  whom 
about  2,000,000  would  be  available  for  war.  The  budget 
estimates  for  war  purposes,  excluding  cost  of  the  navy,  for 
1895,  were,  ordinary,  607,261,898  fr.  ($121,452,379),  ex- 
traordinary, 40,823,907  fr.  (18,164,780). 


EA]  ARMIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

German  Empire. — Peace  footing,  22,534  officers  and 
562,014  men,  with  96,844  horses;  war  footing,  strength  not 
officially  published,  but  believed  to  aggregate  over  3,000,- 
000  trained  officers  and  men.  There  are  434  field  batteries, 
17  fortifi.ed  places  of  the  first  class,  19  other  fortresses,  21 
army  corps  districts,  and  one  divisional  district.  The 
budget  estimate  for  cost  of  the  imperial  armv  1895  was 
480,021,900  marks  ($114,245,212). 

Greece. — Peace  footing,  24,076  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  mobilized  force  100,000,  reserves  104,500,  territo- 
rial army  146,000. 

Guatemala. — Peace  footing,  3,718  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  in  addition,  reserve  militia,  67,300. 

Haiti. — Peace  footing,  6,828  officers  and  men,  and  spe- 
cial guard  of  10  officers  and  650  men. 

Hawaii. — Peace  footing,  household  guards,  65  officers 
and  men;  war  footing,  all  natives  on  call. 

Honduras. — Peace  footing,  500  officers  and  men,  and 
20,000  militia. 

Haly. — Permanent  army,  under  arms,  14,705  officers  and 
252,117  men;  on  unlimited  leave,  5,942  officers  and  566,138 
men;  mobile  militia,  5,606  officers  and  521,452  men;  terri- 
torial militia,  11,634  officers  and  1,815,329  men — total 
officers  and  men,  3,192,923. 

Japan. — Imperial  guard,  282  superior  officers  and  6,660 
non-commissioned  officers  and  men;  six  divisions,  2,434 
superior  officers  and  46,958  non-commissioned  officers  and 
men;  reserves,  91,190  offilcers  and  men;  landwehr,  106,088; 
and  the  Jesso  militia — total  peace  footing,  4,358  officers 
and  265,390  men.  The  army  in  the  war  with  China  used 
a  rifle  of  native  invention  and.  make. 

Kongo  Free  State. — Peace  footing,  143  European  officers, 
146  sergeants,  and  9,000  native  troops. 

Korea. — Peace  footing,  5,000  officers  and  men  stationed 
at  Seoul;  war  footing,  10,000  and  upward  indefinitely. 

Madagascar. — Kegular  army,  8,000  officers  and  men, 
standing  army  20,000,  available  mobile  force,  over  50,000. 

Mexico. — Peace  footing,  2,270  officers  and  37,103  men; 
war  footing,  including  reserves,  165,000;  every  male  capa- 
ble of  carrying  arms  is  liable  for  military  service  from  his 
20th  to  his  50th  year. 

Monaco. — Regular  army,  5  officers  and  70  men,  and  a 
guard  of  honor. 


ARMIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  [eb 

Montenegro. — No  standing  army;  all  males  physically 
able  are  trained  as  soldiers  and  liable  for  service;  number 
of  such,  36,726,  for  whom  there  are  40,000  rifles. 

Morocco. — Peace  footing,  16,000  officers  and  men,  and 
18,000  militia;  war  footing,  in  addition,  about  40,000. 

Nepal. — Standing  army  25,000  officers  and  men,  and 
17,000  regulars  in  and  about  the  capital. 

Netherlands. — Peace  footing,  1,821  officers  and  19,750 
men;  war  footing,  60,000  men,  officers  not  reported,  be 
sides  the  landsturm — all  capable  of  bearing  arms — and  a 
corps  of  sharpshooters;  Dutch  East  Indies,  purely  colonial 
force,  1,384  officers  and  33,339  subordinate  officers  and 
men;  Dutch  West  Indies,  militia  of  27  officers  and  373 
men,  civic  guard  of  57  officers  and  1,163  men,  and  garrison 
of  20  officers  and  386  men;  Curacao,  35  officers  and  614 
men. 

Nicaragua. — Peace  footing,  2,000  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  the  same  with  reserve  of  10,000  and  national 
guard  5,000. 

Norivay. — Troops  of  the  line  and  reserves,  900  officers 
and  30,000  men;  not  over  18,000  troops  can  be  put  under 
arms,  even  in  war,  without  consent  of  the  Storthing. 

Orange  Free  State. — Standing  army,  at  capital,  52  officers 
and  men,  and  350  artillervmen  as  a  reserve;  available  w^ar 
strength,  17,381. 

Paraguay. — Standing  army,  82  officers  and  1,345  men; 
every  citizen  20-35  years  old  liable  to  war  service. 

Persia. — Standing  army,  24,500  officers  and  men;  nomi- 
nal, 105,500;  liable  to  be  called  for  service,  53,520. 

Peru. — Peace  footing,  5,900  officers  and  men. 

Portugcd. — Peace  footing,  34,172  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  150,000;  colonial  forces,  8,880  officers  and  men, 
besides  native  troops. 

Roumania. — Peace  footing,  2.936  officers,  335  employes, 
and  48,500  men;  territorial  army,  81,843  officers  and  men; 
w^ar  footing,  not  definitely  fixed;  every  muie  liable  to  service 
between  his  21st  and  46th  year. 

Russia. — Peace  footing,  European  army,  30.574  officers, 
750,944  men,  and  139,966"horses;  Asiatic  army.  East  Siberia, 
773  officers  and  24,993  men;  West  Siberia,  557  officers  and 
10,799  men;  Turkestan,  1,280  officers  and  38,468  men; 
Finland  army,  345  officers  and  9,939  men — total,  33,529 
officers,  835,143  men,  and  155,478  horses;   local  and  auxil- 


EC]  ARMIES  OF  THE  WOJRLD. 

iarj  troops,  105,000  officers  and  men;  war  footing,  field 
troops,  Cossacks,  and  reserves,  54,957  officers,  2,512,143 
men,  and  497,415  horses. 

Salvador. — Standing  army,  4,000  officers  and  men;  mili- 
tia, 18,000. 

Santo  Domingo. — Small  army  and  reserve  at  the  capital 
of  each  province;  universal  liability  for  war. 

Servia. — Standing  armv,  18,000  officers  and  men;  wai 
footing,  210,000. 

Siam. — Standing  army,  12,000;  no  armed  militia;  all 
males  liable  for  war  service. 

South  African  RepuUic. — Ko  standing  army;  males 
liable  for  war  service,  23,923. 

Spain. — Peace  footing,  115,735  officers  and  men;  war 
footing,  1,083,595;  annual  contingent  of  recruits,  80,000; 
troops  in  the  Philippines,  9,870;  in  Cuba  (ordinarily), 
21,000;  in  Porto  Rico,  3,400.  Several  large  detachments 
were  sent  to  Cuba  in  1895. 

Sweden. — Peace  footing,  1,953  officers,  1,781  non-com- 
missioned officers,  1,644  musicians,  634  civil  and  civil  mili- 
tary persons,  and  32,842  men. 

Sivitzerland. — Ko  standing  army;  war  effective,  auszug, 
134,932  officers  and  men;  landwehr,  80,298;  landsturm, 
273,296._ 

Turkish  Empire. — The  army  comprises  the  Kizam  (regu- 
lar force  and  reserves),  Eedif  (landwehr),  and  Mustahfuz 
(landsturm),  and  has  a  war  strength  of  700,620  officers  and 
men.  The  great  difference  between  the  number  of  males 
reported  liable  for  military  service  and  those  whom  the 
government  can  place  under  arms  in  an  emergency  was 
painfully  shown  during  the  atrocities  in  Armenia  and  else- 
where in  1895. 

United  States. — Standing  army,  2,145  officers  and  25,706 
enlisted  men;  enlisted  combatants  limited  by  act  of  Con- 
gress to  25,000;  Gen.  Miles,  new  general-commanding,  rec- 
ommended increasing  limit  to  35,000;  aggregate  militia  of 
the  states  and  territories,  8,198  commissioned  officers  and 
102,598  men;  males  available  for  military  service,  9,144,500. 
Nearly  every  maritime  State  in  the  Union  has  one  or  more 
battalions  of  naval  militia,  which,  though  organized  for 
sea-coast  duty,  have  been  mustered  as  part  of  the  militia 
force. 


AMMOR  AND  ABMOn  PLATES.  [^ 

Uruguay. — Permanent  army,  223  officers  and  3,221  men; 
aamed  police,  3,200  officers  and  men;  civilian  force,  3,264. 

Venezuela. — Standing  army,  7,280  officers  and  men; 
national  militia  (males  18  to  45  years  old)  subject  to  call, 
60,000;  total  available  for  war  service,  250,000. 

See  also  the  respective  titles  of  countries. 

ARMOR  AND  ARMOR  PLATES.  During  1894  a 
series  of  trials  was  made  at  tlie  government  proving-grounds 
at  Indian  Head,  Md.,  of  armor  plates  furnished  by  the 
Carnegie  Company,  Homestead,  Pa.,  and  the  Bethlehem 
Company,  Bethlehem,  Pa.  The  jDlates  were  representative 
of  those  furnished  for  the  U.  S.  vessels  Puritan,  Katahdin, 
Monadnock,  Indiana,  and  Oregon.  These  were  curved, 
4,  11|-,  12,  17,  and  18  inches  thick,  of  nickel-steel,  hard- 
ened by  the  Harvey  process,  and  with  an  oak  backing  of 
36  inches.  They  were  subjected  to  shot  and  shell  of  the 
newest  pattern,  weighing  250,  800,  and  850  pounds.  The 
thickest  plates  were  in  some  instances  pierced,  and  some 
were  cracked  and  broken  and  the  backing  exposed;  but  in 
other  cases  the  heaviest  pointed  projectiles  only  dented  the 
plate,  and  were  broken  or  the  points  fused  by  the  heat  of 
the  impact  with  the  plate  in  which  they  were  imbedded. 
The  tests  were  thought  by  some  of  the  officers  to  show 
that  the  Harveyizing  process  was  without  value  in  the 
thickest  plates,  however  valuable  it  has  been  proved  to  be 
in  plates  6,  8,  10,  or  even  12  inches  thick.  On  the  whole 
the  trials  exhibited  a  duel  between  the  heaviest  and  most 
perfect  projectiles  thrown  from  the  most  powerful  guns 
on  the  one  side,  and  the  most  perfect  armor  plates  on 
the  other  side;  with  success  now  of  the  guns  and  now  of 
the  armor;  but  the  Official  Annual  of  the  Intelligence 
Office  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  Department,  issued  in  Oct., 
1894,  declared  that  the  superiority  of  the  Harvey  process 
of  hardening  armor  has  been  invariably  recognized,  and 
adopted  by  all  the  leading  manufacturers  and  nations.  In 
Nov.,  1895,  it  was  reported  that  the  Russian  government 
had  accepted  the  tenders  of  the  Bethlehem  and  Carnegie 
Companies  to  furnish  three-quarters  of  all  the  armor  plates 
for  the  two  new  war  ships  then  building,  their  competitors 
having  been  four  French  firms,  three  British,  two  Ger- 
man, and  one  Russian.  It  was  also  said  that  the  Bethle- 
hem Company  proposed,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Mikado, 


EE]  ABMOR  AND  ARMOR  PLATES, 

to  establish  in  Japan  a  mill  for  armor-plate  and  other 
large  iron  work. 

During  1894  it  was  reported  that  the  armor  plates  of  the 
Monterey  were  defective.  These  had  been  made  by  the 
Carnegie  Company,  and  it  was  said  that  plates  had  been 
doctored,  blow-holes  being  plugged,  so  that  they  passed  in- 
spection though  known  to  be  defective  by  the  makers;  but 
it  was  maintained  for  the  company  that  slight  and  unim- 
portant defects  Vv^ere  magnified  by  the  testimony  of  work- 
men who  had  had  trouble  with  the  company;  and  that 
whenever  real  faults  appeared,  the  company  had  honestly 
acknowledged  them,  and  borne  the  proper  penalty  and 
forfeit. 

A  temporary  interest  was  excited  in  1894  by  the  exhibi- 
tion, by  different  inventors,  of  what  was  called  a  bullet- 
proof coat  or  cuirass.  The  first  of  these  inventors  was  a 
tailor  of  Mannheim,  Germany,  named  Dowe,  who  allowed 
himself,  when  clothed  in  his  coat,  to  be  shot  at  with  the 
war  rifle  used  in  the  German  army.  Shots  which  would 
pierce  a  block  of  oak  were  held  imbedded  in  the  coat.  A 
horse  was  covered  with  a  coat,  and  was  unhurt  though  bullets 
were  imbedded  in  the  material.  Dowe  exhibited  his  coat 
successfully  in  London,  May  23,  1894,  before  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge  and  other  military  officers.  He  said  that  it 
contained  no  iron  or  steel.  June  1,  1894,  Hiram  Maxim 
exhibited  a  cuirass  of  his  invention,  made  of  a  thin  plate  of 
steel  incased  in  felt,  and  only  half  as  thick  as  Dowels  coat. 
It  was  tested  at  the  Erith  and  the  Firth  gun-works,  Eng- 
land, and  showed  power  to  resist  bullets  which  would 
pierce  a  steel  target  half  an  inch  thick.  July  12,  1894,  a 
bullet-proof  shield  was  exhibited  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  by 
W.  J.  Lennard,  and  July  21,  before  army  officers  at 
Governor's  Island,  New  York.  Lennard  wore  his  shield 
in  Brooklyn,  standing  35  feet  from  the  marksman.  This 
was  forbidden  by  the  army  officers  for  fear  of  accident. 
The  shield  was  2  1-4  inches  thick,  17  inches  long,  and  13 
wide,  covered  with  what  looked  like  blue  cloth,  and 
fastened  on  by  straps.  It  was  fired  at  with  Winchester  and 
Springfield  rifles,  and  the  bullets  were  imbedded  in  it,  but 
did  not  pierce  through.  Lennard  said  that  it  was  made  of 
cotton,  felt,  wool,  and  a  chemical  compound  of  mineral 
and  vegetable  parts.  It  weighed  11  pounds,  while  a  steel 
plate  of  like  resistance  would  weigh  25  or  30.     July  17, 


ABMT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  [ep 

1894^  a  bullet-proof  coat  was  exhibited  at  Passaic,  K.  J.^ 
by  Ignatius  Lucas^  a  German  machinist  before  members  of 
a  shooting  club,  who  used  their  oy>^n  ammunition  and 
Winchester  rifles  and  the  Mannlicher  rifle  used  in  the  Ger- 
man army.     No  bullet  penetrated  more  than  half  an  inch. 

ARMOUR  INSTITUTE,  Chicago,  111. ;  founded  in  1892. 
It  included  in  1895  (1)  a  scientific  academy;  (2)  a  technical 
college,  with  departments  of  mechanical  engineering,  elec- 
tricity and  electrical  engineering,  chemistry  and  chemical 
engineering,  architecture,  and  library  science;  and  depart- 
ments of  (3)  domestic  arts;  (4)  commerce;  (5)  music;  and 
(6)  kindergartens.  There  were  in  1895  61  instructors;  11 
lecturers;  and  about  900  students;  graduates  since  organi- 
zation 50.  The  several  scientific  departments  are  com- 
pletely equipped,  and  there  is  a  gymnasium,  technical 
museum,  and  a  valuable  library  of  15,000  volumes.  The 
course  of  instruction  occupies  four  years,  and  the  degrees 
of  B.  S.  and  M.  E.  are  conferred.  The  property  is  valued 
at  $50,000.     President,  Rev.  F.  W.  Gunsaulus,  d.d. 

ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  The  army  at 
the  close  of  1895  consists  of  10  regiments  of  cavalry,  5 
artillery  and  25  infantry,  and  the  Engineer  Battalion, 
recruiting  parties,  ordnance  department,  hospital  service, 
Indian  scouts,  those  engaged  in  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point,  and  the  signal  and  general  service;  in  all 
2,145  officers  and  25,706  enlisted  men.  During  1894-95 
the  number  of  officers  on  detached  duty  has  been  reduced, 
by  assignment  to  their  commands  as  far  as  possible,  the 
Secretary  of  War  reporting  in  Nov.,  1895,  35  officers  now 
at  Department  Headquarters  and  33  on  recruiting  service. 
Those  assigned  as  military  instructors  of  the  National 
Guard  of  the  States,  however,  have  been  increased  from  92 
to  128,  and  those  acting  as  Indian  agents  from  5  to  19. 

For  the  coast  defense  there  has  been  established  and 
equipped  a  gun  factory  at  Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  able  to  turn 
out  yearly  35  guns  of  the  types  required.  The  government 
.has  also,  by  contract,  contributed  toward  the  establishment 
of  a  private  plant  for  gun  manufacture  which  will  meet 
any  unusual  demand.  Only  3  of  the  18  ports — New  York, 
San  Francisco  and  Boston — have,  however,  completed  sys- 
tems of  defense.  It  is  estimated  that  the  complete  defense 
of  the  18  ports  will  cost  $82,000,000,  and  will  take  10 
years, 


eg]  artists. 

The  army  is  distributed  in  8  departments^  eacli  under  its 
department  commander.  The  ranking  major-general,  in 
command  of  the  army,  is  Gen.  Xelson  A.  Miles,  promoted 
on  the  retirement  of  Gen.  J.  M.  Scholield,  Sept.  29,  1895. 
The  duty  of  the  army  for  the  most  part  is  in  garrisoning 
the  Q.  S.  forts  in  dilferent  parts  of  the  country,  and  in 
defending  Western  settlers  from  wild  Indians  and  peace- 
able Indians  from  lawless  whites.  Feb.  11, 1895,  Inspector-- 
General  Breckenridge  specially  commended  the  courage 
and  discipline  shown  by  the  army  in  connection  with  the 
labor  troubles  of  1894,  particularly  by  the  15th  Infantry, 
which  was  on  duty  at  Chicago,  111.  In  Feb.,  1895,  Con- 
gress revived  the  grade  of  lieutenant-general  for  the 
benefit  of  Major-General  John  M.  Schofield,  who  had  com- 
manded the  army  since  1888.  The  report  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  showed  that  in  1894  there  were  in  the  United  States 
900,000  men  available  for  military  service,  of  whom  112,190 
were  organized  into  regiments  and  brigades,  and  could  be 
called  out  on  demand.  Of  these  ^ew  York  had  the  largest 
number,  12,073;  Idaho  the  least,  232. 

AENOLD,  SiE  Edwik,  k.c.l.e.,  c.s.i.  :  poet;  b.  Eoches- 
ter,  England,  June  10,  1832.  In  1893  he  published  a 
dramatic  work,  Adzuma:  or,  the  Japanese  Wife,  and  The 
Book  of  Good  Counsels  from  the  Sanscrit  of  the  Hitopa- 
desa;  1894,  Wandering  Words;  and  1895,  The  Tenth  Muse 
and  Other  Poems. 

AETISTS,  SOCIETY  OF  AMEEICAN:  founded  in 
New  York  in  1877  and  incorporated  in  1882;  object  the" 
advancement  of  the  Fine  Arts;  membership  in  Dec,  1895, 
115,  including  nearly  all  the  foi^most  artists  of  America, 
President,  Edwin  Rowland  Blashfield;  vice-president,  John 
LaFarge;  secretary,  Kenyon  Cox;  treasurer,  Samuel  Isham. 
The  board  of  control  consists  of  the  officers  named  and  Mr. 
Daniel  C.  French. 

The  society  holds  an  annual  exhibition,  at  which,  how- 
ever, its  members  have  no  privileges  of  exhibition  beyond 
others,  and  no  work  of  art  is  accepted  except  on  its  merits 
as  judged  by  a  jury  of  30.  At  this  exhibition  each  year  is 
awarded  the  Webb  prize,  founded  by  Dr.  W.  Seward  Webb 
in  1887,  for  best  landscape  by  an  American  artist  under  40 
who  has  not  previously  taken  the  prize;  awarded  in  1894 
to  Charles  H.  Piatt,  and  in  1895  to  Childe  Hassam.     Each 


ASHANTEE.  [eh 

year  also  the  society  purchases  for  the  Shaw  Fund,  founded 
in  1892  hy  Samuel  T.  Shaw,  Esq.',  a  figure  composition  in 
oil  selected  hy  the  jury.  The  fund  is  '$1,500  annually,  and 
the  picture  becomes  the  property  of  Mr.  Shaw.  This  prize 
was  awarded  in  1894  to  Henry  0.  Walker,  and  in  1895  to 
William  M.  Chase.  Headquarters  of  the  society,  in  the 
building  of  the  American  Fine  Arts  Society,  Iso.  215  West 
Fifty-seventh  Street,  New  York. 

ARTS.     See  F^e  Arts. 

ASHANTEE,  a  kingdom  in  G-uinea,  on  the  w.  coast  of 
Africa,  between  Liberia  and  Dahomey,  since  1873  nomi- 
nally tributary  to  the  British  Clold  Coast  Colony;  pop.  est. 
1,000,000-3,000,000;  cap.,  Coomassie,  or  Kumassi.  In 
Oct.,  1895,  the  British  government  sent  an  ultimatum  to 
the  king,  demanding  that  he  place  his  country  under 
British  protection,  Avith  a  resident  commissioner,  on  the 
ground  that  he  had  violated  his  treaty  obligations.  The 
king  rejected  the  ultimatum,  saying  that  he  preferred  war, 
for  which  he  was  fully  prepared,  to  accepting  the  British 
terms.  A  strong  force  of  imperial  and  native  troops  was  at 
once  ordered  to  Coomassie  to  force  the  king  to  terms,  and 
it  was  expected  that  this  force  would  be  able  to  advance  by 
the  middle  of  Dec.  On  Nov.  15  the  king  sent  two  mes- 
sengers to  the  gov.  of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony  at  Accra,  but 
the  latter  declined  to  receive  them,  regarding  them  as  not 
qualified  to  treat  with  the  British  as  representatives  of  the 
king.  On  the  19th,  Lord  Suffield  and  Mr.  Sutherst,  rep- 
.  resenting  the  king  in  London,  assured  the  colonial  sec. 
that  the  king  would  accede  to  the  British  demands,  and 
would  pay  the  cost  of  preparing  the  expedition  against  him. 
It  was  agreed  that  if  the  king  would  indorse  this  pledge  no 
troops  would  be  dispatched.  Such  a  settlement  would  give 
Great  Britain  absolute  control  of  a  territory  of  about  40,- 
000  sq.  m.,  rich  in  gold  and  agricultural  lands.  In  Dec. 
following,  it  was  reported  that  the  people  had  deposed 
King  Prempeh  for  submitting  to  the  British,  and  that  the 
war  party  had  placed  his  mother  on  the  throne. 

ASHEVILLE,  cicy,  health  resort,  cap.  of  Buncombe 
CO.,  N.  C;  pop.  (1810)  10,23  3  ;  (1895)  est.  12,000.  The 
bonded  debt  Nov.,  1894,  v/as  1786,500.  In  1895  it  had  8 
hotels,  75  boarding-houses,  a  steam  road  to  Craggy  Moun- 
tain, 3  trolley  roads  with  an  aggregate  of  20  m.  of  tracks 
and  six  periodicals. 


El]  ASHLAND. 

ASHLAND,  city,  cap.  of  Ashland  co.,  Wis.;  pop.  (1890) 
9,956;  (1895)  est.'' 12,000.  In  1893  it  had  a  total  tax 
assessment  of  $6,991,000,  and  tax  rate  UO  per  $1,000;  1894,  a 
total  debt  of  $383,000  ;  1895,  a  trolley  road  with  6  m.  of 
track,  and  a  monthly,  2  daily,  and  5  weekly  periodicals. 

ASTOR  FEEE  EEFEREKCE  LIBRARY,  :N"ew  York: 
founded  with  a  bequest  of  1400,000  by  John  Jacob  Astor 
in  1849.  It  continued  to  occupy  in  1895  the  building  in 
Lafayette  Place,  which  had  grown  three  times  as  large  as 
the  original  building,  and  contained  about  270,000  volumes, 
which  were  free  for  reference,  but  could  not  be  taken  from 
the  building.  In  March,  1895,  the  trustees  agreed  with 
the  trustees  of  the  Lenox  Library  and  the  Tilden  Trust  for 
the  consolidation  of  the  three  bodies  under  the  name  of 
the  New  York  Public  Library,  Astor,  Lenox  and  Tilden 
Foundations. 

The  Lenox  Library,  founded  by  James  Lenox  in  1870, 
has  its  valuable  building,  capable  of  great  enlargement, 
fronting  on  Fifth  Avenue,  Avith  the  entire  block  of  land  at 
the  rear  for  additional  buildings.  It  has  70,000  volumes,  a 
large  number  of  which  are  very  rare  and  costly  books, 
besides  manuscripts  and  pamphlets  of  great  value.  It  has 
also  cash  and  securities  amounting  to  $500,000.  The 
Tilden  fund  amounts  to  $2,000,000,  and  the  bequest  in- 
cludes Mr.  Tilden's  private  library  of  80,000  volumes. 
The  Astor  Library  has  cash  and  securities  amounting  to 
$1,000,000;  and  the  consolidated  library  will  thus  have  at 
once  420,000  volumes,  besides  manuscripts  and  pamphlets, 
and  an  endowment  of  $3,500,000. 

It  is  intended  to  add  to  the  features  of  the  present 
libraries  a  great  public  circulating  library,  with  branches 
in  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  Astor  Library  will 
retain  its  character  as  a  reference  library  for  students  and 
authors,  but  will  be  removed,  probably  to  the  place  of  the 
Lenox  Library,  though  that  is  yet  undecided.  The  present 
Astor  Library  building  may  be  used  as  one  of  the  branches. 

The  report  in  Jan.,  1895,  showed  that  8,294  volumes  had 
been  added  to  the  library  during  1894;  the  number  of 
readers  had  been  78,901,  an  increase  of  9,903  upon  the 
preceding  year;  volumes  drawn,  218,051,  an  increase  of 
7,675. 

ASTORIA,  city,  cap.  of  Clatsop  co..  Or.;  pop.    (1890) 


Asmoj^oMT.  tpj 

6,184  ;  (1895)  est.  10,000.  In  1893  it  had  an  assessed  valu- 
ation on  a  50  per  cent,  assessment,  of  12,856,692  ;  and  1895, 
a  total  debt  of  '1416,050,  a  trolley  road  with  3  m.  of  track, 
and  2  daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers. 

ASTEONOMY.  The  development  of  dry-plate  photog- 
raphy brought  about  a  radical  change  in  astronomical 
methods.  The  extreme  sensitiveness  of  dry  plates  enabled 
them  to  be  used  to  photograph  the  heavens,  thus  giving 
bases  for  new  and  most  accurate  measurements  of  position. 
Then  the  photography  of  the  lines  and  bands  of  the  spectra 
of  celestial  bodies  enabled  the  displacements  of  the  spec- 
trum due  to  motions  of  the  bodies  toward  or  away  from 
the  earth  to  be  determined  with  an  approximation  to 
accuracy. 

The  lines  of  the  spectrum  owe  their  position  to 
the  length  of  the  waves  of  light  producing  them,  the 
short  waves  producing  the  violet  end  of  the  spectrum  and 
the  long  waves  the  red.  The  position  of  any  part  of  the 
spectrum  is  a  rigorous  measure  of  the  length  of  the  wave 
producing  it.  If  a  distant  sun  moves  toward  us  it  shortens 
all  the  waves  of  light  which  emanate  from  it,  as  it  were 
squeezing  them  together.  If  it  moves  away  the  reverse 
ensues.  Hence  a  displacement  of  characteristic  lines  of 
the  spectrum  toward  the  violet  is  observed  if  the  body 
moves  toward  the  earth,  and  vice  versa.  The  measure- 
ment of  these  minute  displacements  is  vastly  facilitated,  or 
only  made  possible  by  modern  methods,  and  the  measure- 
ments have  led  to  most  remarkable  results.  Distant  stars 
have  by  the  spectroscope  and  photographic  dry  plate  been 
resolved  into  double  stars,  and  the  periods  of  revolution 
of  one  about  the  other  have  thus  been  determined  in 
hours.  This  has  been  done  for  stars  which  the  best  tele- 
scopes could  not  resolve  into  two  bodies. 

To  the  sun  the  spectroscope  has  been  applied  with  the 
result  of  the  discovery  of  new  lines  appertaining  to  a 
hypothetical  metal  called  helium.  The  sun's  chromosphere 
is  seen  at  total  eclipses.  Ordinarily  the  effulgence  of  the 
sun  is  such  as  to  preclude  any  direct  view  of  it.  But  by 
the  spectroscope  it  can  be  studied  at  any  time,  and  the 
great  prominences  of  the  chromos|)here  have  shown  new 
lines  in  the  spectrum  which  have  been  attributed  to  a  new 
metal  called,  as  above  stated,  helium.  In  sequence  of  this 
brilliant  investigation  Prof.  Eamsay  and  Mr.  Crookes  have 


fa]  astronomy. 

investigated  a  new  gas  produced  from  the  mineral  cleveite, 
which  seems  to  show  the  lines  of  helium,  and  is  possibly 
terrestrial  helium.  Prof.  Kamsay  claims  also  to  have  dis- 
covered helium  in  a  meteorite. 

Saturn's  rings  have  been  investigated  with  some  impor- 
tant results.  Trouvelot  in  1870-76,  Crofthell  in  1875-77, 
Meyer  in  1881,  and  more  recently  Keeler,  have  studied  the 
constitution  of  the  rings,  and  the  latter,  using  modern 
spectroscopic  methods,  has  enunciated  the  theory  that  the 
rings  are  composed  of  innumerable  small  satellites  revolv- 
ing about  the  planet.  This  theory  is  now  accepted  as 
true. 

Some  minor  planets  or  asteroids  have  been  measured  by 
Prof.  Barnard  as  follows:  Diameter  of  Ceres  485  miles,  of 
Pallas  304  miles,  of  Vesta  243  miles,  of  Juno  118  miles. 

The  spectroscope  has  given  us  the  first  real  estimate  of 
the  diameter  of  a  fixed  star.  Algol  has  an  obscure  com- 
panion, and  their  motions  have  been  determined.  The 
velocities  being  known,  the  diameters  of  Algol  and  its  com- 
panion become  calculable.  The  figure  arrived  at  is:  For 
Algol,  1,000,000  miles;  for  its  companion,  800,000  miles. 
The  orbital  velocity  of  Algol  is  25  miles  a  second;  of  its 
companion,  54  miles  a  second;  distance  from  center  to 
center,  3,200,000  miles;  mass  of  Algol  four-ninths  and 
of  its  companion  two-ninths  that  of  the  sun. 

Dr.  Arthur  Anwers  has  published  the  results  of  German 
heliometer  observations  of  the  sun's  parallax.  They  give  it 
a  value  of  8.896"+ 0.0216"  corresponding  to  the  greatly 
diminished  distance  from  the  earth  of  91,000,000  miles. 

Mars  has  been  the  subject  of  very  elaborate  theorizing, 
certain  parallel  and  reticulated  markings  on  its  surface 
suggesting  a  possibility  of  life  on  its  surface.  The  so-called 
Schiaparelli  canals  of  Mars  were  held  by  some  to  be  partly 
or  entirely  of  artificial  construction.  At  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory Prof.  Campbell  has  applied  very  powerful  methods, 
and  has  found  no  atmosphere  of  Mars,  a  result  in  conflict 
with  general  belief.  The  canals  were  specially  studied 
during  1894  and  found  to  certainly  exist. 

The  discovery  of  new  jilanets  and  comets  goes  on  apace, 
twenty-three  planets  and  five  comets  being  added  to  the 
list  in  1894  alone. 

Measurements  of  the  newly  discovered  fifth  satellite  of 
Jupiter  have  been  published  by  the  Lick  Observatory, 
giving  it  an  eccentric  orbit  of  llh.  56m.  22s.,  0.618, 


ATCHISON.  [FB 

The  British  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society,  in  Eebruary, 
1894,  presented  its  gold  medal  to  S,  W.  Burnham,  formerly 
of '  the  Lick  Observatory,  for  his  work  on  double  stars  and 
other  discoveries,  and  in  February,  1895,  honored  in  like 
manner  Dr.  Isaac  Roberts  for  his  photographs  of  sun  clus- 
ters and  nebulae  published  in  1894. 

The  photometry  of  the  light  of  the  stars  has  been  attacked 
by  a  selenium  cell  by  Mr.  AVilson  of  Danamora,AYestmeath, 
with  close  approximation  in  some  cases  to  results  obtained 
by  visual  methods.  The  principle  employed  was  the  etfect 
of  light  on  selenium  in  modifying  its  electric  properties. 

ATCHISON,  city,  cap.  of  Atchison  co.,  Kan.;  pop. 
(1890)  13,963;  (1895)  est.  17,000.  In  1893  the  total 
assessed  valuation  was  $2,340,302  ;  1894,  the  bonded  debt  was 
$694,600,  besides  $154,786  internal  improvement  bonds 
and  $65,000  board  of  education  bonds,  both  payable  by 
special  provisions  ;  and  1895  the  city  had  an  electric  rail- 
way, light  and  power  company,  operating  8|-  m.  of  track, 
and  9  periodicals,  of  which  3  were  daily  and  4  weekly. 

ATHENS,  AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  CLASSICAL 
STUDIES  AT:  established  at  Athens,  Greece,  in  1882. 
It  is  nominally  a  branch  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of 
America,  but  is  conducted  by  an  independent  committee  of 
representatives  of  American  colleges,  of  which  each  college 
contributes  $250  a  year  for  its  maintenance.  In  May,  1895, 
22  colleges  were  represented  as  contributors.  The  revenue 
for  the  year  1894-95  was  estimated  as  $8,000.  The  school 
occupies  a  site  given  by  the  Greek  government,  and  its 
building,  erected  by  private  subscription,  together  with 
the  lot,  is  valued  at  $46,000.  There  is  an  endowment  of 
$50,000.  The  expenses  for  the  year  1893-94  were  $6,611.96. 
Volumes  in  library  in  Ma3^  1895,  3,000.  Students  have 
the  use  of  the  library  of  the  English  school  near  by,  a 
similar  institution  maintained  by  English  universities  and 
colleges.  Prof.  Thomas  D.  Seymour,  of  Yale,  is  President 
of  the  Board  of  Directors.  The  managing  committee  in 
Nov.,  1895,  reelected  Dr.  Charles  AValdstein,  of  Cambridge 
University,  professor  of  the  history  of  art  for  the  year 
1896-97.  Dr.  Waldstein^s  connection  with  Cambridge 
allows  him  to  be  present  in  Athens  only  part  of  the  year. 
Prof.  Rufus  B.  Richardson  is  director  of  the  school,  his 
appointment  being  for  five  years.  Prof.  T.  D.  Goodell,  of 
Yale,   was   elected  professor  of  the  Greek  language  aud 


FC]  ATLANTA. 

literature  for  1894-95;  Prof.  B.  J.  Wheeler,  of  Cornell,  for 
1895-96;  Prof.  Herbert  Weir  Smith,  of  Bryn  Mawr,  for 
1896-97,  and  Prof.  Abraham  Lincoln  Puller,  of  Western 
Reserve,  for  1897-98. 

The  American  Institute  of  Archseology  in  1895  voted  a 
fellowship  of  $600  for  the  scIk  ol,  and  the  managing  com- 
mittee voted  a  second  fellowship  of  $600 — $800,  to  be  given 
in  competitive  examination  to  students  and  graduates  of 
the  cooperating  colleges.  The  committee  on  publications 
was  authorized  in  1894  to  make  a  collection  of  lantern 
slides  to  illustrate  Greek  art  and  scenery,  to  be  kept  in 
some  central  place  and  lent  for  exhibitions.  Besides  the 
study  of  known  remains  of  Greek  art  and  civilization,  the 
school  has  been  engaged,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Wald- 
stein  and  Prof.  Richardson,  in  independent  excavations  at 
Argos  and  Eretria,  with  interesting  and  valuable  results. 
The  American  School  has  been  associated  helpfully  with 
the  similar  schools  maintained  in  Athens  by  the  French, 
Germans,  English  and  Greeks,  of  wdiich  it  was  reported  in 
Sept.,  1895,  that  the  available  funds  were  as  follows: 
French,  $15,000;  German,  $12,000;  English,  $10,000. 

ATLANTA,  city,  cap.  of  Fulton  co.  and  of  the  State 
of  Georgia;  pop.  (1890)  65,533;  (1894)  directory  canvass, 
108,644.  In  1890  its  manufacturing  industries  had  a 
capital  investment  of  $9,508,962,  and  an  output  valued  at 
$13,074,037.  The  assessed  valuations  1894  were:  Real 
$42,897,780,  personal  $12,580,565— total,  $55,478,345,  and 
city  tax  rate  $15  per  $1,000;  and  the  total  bonded  debt 
1895  was  $2,961,000,  water  debt  $1,127,000.  The  city 
owns  its  waterworks,  valued  at  $3,000,000,  and  other 
property  valued  at  $2,573,650.  There  are  100  churches 
with  seating  capacity  of  60,000;  17  banks  with  capital  and 
surplus  of  over  $4,000,000;  clearing  association  of  10  city 
banks,  which  reported  May  25,  1895,  deposits  $5,374,000, 
loans  and  discounts  $5,580,643;  public  library  of  20,000 
volumes;  100  m.  of  electric  railway;  6  cotton  mills  with 
122,000  spindles;  6  colleges  for  colored  students;  4  medical 
colleges;  institute  of  technology;  14  grammar  schools  for 
white  and  5  for  colored  pupils;  3  military  schools;  annual 
trade  $150,000,000;  and  a  quarterly,  3  daily,  18  weekly, 
2  semi-monthly,  and  19  monthly  periodicals.  The  total 
death-rate  1894  was  16.38  per  1,000,  that  of  the  whites 
being  11.51. 


ATLANTA  EXPOSITION.  [fd 

ATLANTA  EXPOSITION,  Sept.  18-Dec.  31,  1895; 
officially,  the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition. 
The  initial  object  of  the  second  great  exhibition  held  in  the  • 
^^'^Gate  City  of  the  South"  since  the  civil  war  was  to  show 
to  the  world  every  feature  of  the  great  development  being 
made  in  the  Southern  States;  but  gradually  the  object 
broadened  to  a  demonstration  of  what  v\^as  newest  in  the 
whole  realm  of  invention,  mechanics,  science,  industries, 
and  arts.  The  exposition  was  installed  in  Piedmont  Park, 
a  tract  of  189  acres,  2  m.  from  the  center  of  the  city,  in 
preparing  and  beautifying  which  over  $300,000  was  ex- 
pended. The  principal  buildings,  besides  those  erected  by 
states  and  foreign  governments,  numbered  13,  and  included 
an  administration  building;  auditorium;  U.  S.  government 
building,  containing  exhibits  of  the  army,  navy,  state,  in- 
terior and  agricultural  departments,  the  geological  survey, 
and  the  fish  commission;  and  special  buildings  for  exhibits 
of  manufactures  and  liberal  arts,  machinery,  agriculture, 
minerals  and  forestry,  transportation,  fine  arts,  electrical 
inventions,  women's  work,  and  illustrations  of  the  advance- 
ment of  the  negro  race.  The  total  cost  of  buildings  and 
outdoor  attractions  exceeded  12,000,000.  Each  of  the 
Southern  States  displayed  its  distinctive  industries  and 
economic  interests.  Mexico,  the  Central  American  States, 
and  several  South  American  and  European  countries  were 
well  represented.  No  pecuniary  aid  was  sought  from  the 
Federal  Government,  but  Congress  authorized  the  admis- 
sion of  foreign  exhibits  free  of  'duty  and  constituted  the 
exposition  plant  a  bonded  warehouse  for  such  articles,  and 
the  government  officers  labored  zealously  for  the  success  of 
the  enterprise. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Sept.  18,  President  Cleveland,  in 
his  summer  home  at  Buzzard's  Bay,  pressed  a  golden  but- 
ton, and  instantly  the  ponderous  machinery,  1,000  m.  dis- 
tant, began  to  move,  cannon  roared,  and  60,000  people 
cheered  the  opening  of  the  exposition.  The  address  of 
the  day  was  delivered  by  Judge  Emory  Speer,  of  the  U.  S. 
Court  at  Macon;  Mrs.  Joseph  Thompson,  chairman  of  the 
AVoman's  Board,  followed;  Booker  T.  Washington,  a  former 
slave,  now  president  of  the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial 
Institute,  spoke  on  behalf  of  the  Negro  Board;  a  dedicatory 
ode  by  Frank  L.  Stanton  was  read  by  Albert  Ilowell;  an 
address  by  Gov.  Atkinson,  of  Georgia,  was  read  by  George 


m]  ATLANTA   UNIVEUSITT. 

Brown;  Charles  H.  Collier,  president  of  the  exposition 
company,  reviewed  the  work  of  organization,  and  then, 
telegraphing  to  President  Cleveland  that  all  was  ready, 
the  President  opened  the  exposition  by  an  electric  spark. 
During  the  exposition  a  number  of  national  congresses 
were  held  in  Atlanta,  and  among  the  notable  special  events 
were  '''Blue  and  Gray  Day,"  Sept.  21;  '-'Liberty  Bell  Day,'' 
Oct.  8;  ''Bankers' Days,'"  Oct.  16-17;  " President's  Day, " 
Oct.  23;  "Pennsylvania  Day,"  Nov.  14;  "Massachusetts 
Day,"  Nov.  15;  "Brooklyn  Day,"  Kov.  23;  "Manhattan 
Day,"  Nov.  25;  "Atlanta,  Savannah,  Inman,  and  South 
Carolina  Day,"  Nov.  28;  "Wheelmen's  Day,"  Nov.  30; 
"New  Jersey  Day,"  Dec.  4;  "Maryland  Day,"  Dec.  7,  etc. 

ATLANTA  UNIVERSITY,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  opened  1869. 
It  included  in  1895  a  theological  class,  college,  college-pre- 
paratory, normal,  sub-normal,  and  mechanical  course;  in- 
structors in  1895, 18;  students,  217;  graduates  since  organi- 
zation, 275;  vols,  in  library,  8,000;  annual  expenses  about 
125,000;  value  of  property,  $250,000.  President,  Horace 
Bumstead,  d.d. 

ATLANTIC  CITY,  citv,  summer  resort,  Atlantic  cc, 
N.  J.  ;  pop.  (1890)  13,055  ;  (1895)  state  census,  18,329. 
In  1894  it  had  a  bonded  debt  of  $76,450  ;  and  1895. 
assessed  valuations,  real  $10,845,030,  personal  $1,284,569 — 
total,  $12,129,599;  total  tax  rate  $19.60  per  $1,000;  86 
hotels  with  a  capacity  of  100  and  upward,  180  others  with 
total  capacity  of  10,000,  and  100  boarding-houses  with 
total  capacity  of  1,000  ;  and  3  daily  and  5  weekly  news- 
papers. 

AUBUEN,  city,  cap.  of  Androscoggin  co..  Me.;  pop. 
(1890)  11,250.  In  1894  the  total  assessed  valuation  was 
$5,990,341  ;  total  debt  $514,462;  sinking  fund  $74,900  ; 
tax  rate  $20  per  $1,000.  The  city  has  purchased  the 
v/ater  works  of  the  Auburn  Aqueduct  Co.,  valued  at 
$350,000,  and  assumed  payment  of  $58,700  of  the  com- 
pany's bonds.  In  1895  it  had  2  national  banks  (cap.  $550,- 
000),  2  savings  banks  (resources  $1,909,116);  loan  and 
building  assoc.  (resources  $169,854),  3  insurance  cos.  (as- 
sets $202,628),  2  trust  cos.  (cap.  $179,900),  and  a  monthly 
periodical. 

AUBURN,  city,  cap.  of  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.;  pop.  (1890), 
25,858  ;  (1895)  est-  30,000.     In   1894  the  assessed  valua- 


A  m  URN  THEOLOGICAL  smflNAR  Y.  [fs- 

tions  were,  real  $9,323,055,  personal  t3, 283, 196— total, 
$12,606,251,  and  tax  rate  124.12  per  $1,000;  1895,  the 
total  bonded  debt  was  $815,000,  which  included  $300,000 
balance  of  cost  of  the  Auburn  AVater  Works  Co^s.  plant, 
purchased  1893,  and  $112,000  assumed  bonds  of  the  com- 
pany. In  1895  the  city  had  4  first-class  hotels,  a  trolley 
road  with  5^  m.  of  track,  and  10  periodicals,  of  which  2 
were  daily  and  5  weekly. 

AUBURN  THEOLOaiOAL  SEMINARY,  Auburn, 
N.  Y. :  Instructors  at  the  close  of  1894,  9;  students,  94; 
graduates  since  organization,  1,300;  value  of  property, 
$600,000.  President,  Rev.  Henry  M.  Booth,  d.d.  In 
Jan.,  1894,  the  Welch  Memorial  Building  was  completed 
and  dedicated.  It  contains  six  large  lecture  rooms,  each 
with  an  adjoining  room  for  the  private  study  of  the  pro- 
fessor; and  connected  with  it  is  the  Willard  Memorial 
Chapel,  a  recent  gift  by  the  daughters  of  Dr.  Sylvester 
Willard,  which  was  completed  later  in  the  year. 

AUGSBURG  SEMINARY,  Minneapolis,  Minn.:  In- 
structors at  the  close  of  1894,  8;  students,  120;  graduates 
since  organization,  276;  vols,  in  library,  1,500.  President, 
George  Sverdrup. 

AUGUSTA,  citv,  cap.  of  Kennebec  co.,  and  of  the  State 
of  Maine  ;  pop.  (1890)  10,527.  In  1893  the  assessed  valu- 
ation was  $5,795,782  ;  valuation  for  state  taxation 
$7,669,246;  tax  rate  1894,  $22  per  $1,000;  bonded 
debt,  1894,  $269,000,  floating  $51,000— total,  $320,- 
000.  In  1895  it  had  3  national  banks  (cap.  $450,000),  2 
savings  banks  (resources  $7,020,931),  loan  and  building 
assec.  (resources  $229,617);  a  trust  co.  (cap.  $50,000),  a 
trolley  road  extending  to  Gardiner  and  operating  7  m.  of 
track,  and  a  daily,  5  weekly,  2  semi  -monthly,  and  13 
monthly  periodicals. 

AUGUSTA,  city,  cap.  of  Richmond  co.,  Ga.;  pop.  (1890) 
33,300;  (1895)  est.  45,000.  In  1890  its  manufacturing  in- 
dustries had  a  capital  investment  of  $7,770,688,  of  which 
$5,337,362  was  in  cotton  mills,  and  an  output  valued  at 
$9,244,850.  In  1894  its  assessed  valuations  were:  Real 
$16,572,650,  personal  $5,830,948— total,  $22,403,598;  city 
tax  rate  $12.50  per  $1,000,  total  rate  $23.27;  and  in  1895 
the  total  debt,  all  bonded,  was  $1,752,800,  and  city  property 
included  the  Augusta  canal,  value  $1,500,000,  waterworks^ 


PG]  Atr^tTSTANA  COLLEGE. 

value  1600,000,  and  real  estate,  value  $200,000.  There  are 
52  churclies,  evenly  divided  between  white  and  colored 
people;  12  cotton  mills  in  the  city  and  suburbs  with  total 
capital  of  $7,170,000;  80  m.  of  streets;  23  m.  of  electric 
railway  track;  8  banks  with  aggregate  capital  of  $1,125,000; 
annual  trade  $65,000,000;  10  steam  railways;  2  hospitals; 
public  library;  the  Medical  Dept.  of  the  Univ.  of  Georgia; 
and  4  daily,"^  5  Aveekly,  and  2  monthly  periodicals.  The 
annual  receipts  of  cotton  average  200,000  bales,  value 
$6,000,000-$8,000,000,  and  consumption  by  local  mills 
85,000  bales. 

AUGUSTAISTA  COLLEGE,  Rock  Island,  111.:  Instruc- 
tors at  the  close  of  1894,  27;  students,  509;  graduates 
since  organization,  171;  vols,  in  library,  15,000;  value  of 
property,  $180,000.     President,  0.  Olsson,  d.d.,ph.d. 

AURORA,  city,  Kane  CO.,  111.;  pop.  (1890)  19,688; 
(1894)  est.  25,000.  In  1894  the  total  assessed  valuation 
was  $3,904,692  ;  estimated  real  value  $19,523,460  ;  total 
city  debt  $188,000;  township  and  school  debt  additional 
$55,000.  Of  the  water  bonds,  $46,000  was  pavable 
Feb.  1,  1895,  another  $46,000  will  be  due  Feb.  1, 
1900,  and  two  other  payments  of  $46,000  and  $30,000, 
the  last  due  Aug.  1,  1914,  will  extinguish  this  debt.  In 
1895  it  had  a  trolley  road  with  16  m.  of  track  and  2  m.  of 
sidings,  and  4  daily,  2  semi-weekly,  and  4  weekly  news- 
papers. 

AUSTIN,  Alfred:  poet;  b.  at  Headinglv,  England, 
May  10,  1835.  In  1894  he  published  The  Garden  That  I 
Love. 

AUSTIN",  city,  cap.  of  Travis  co.  and  of  the  State  of 
Texas;  pop.  (1890)  14,575.  In  1894  the  assessed  valua- 
tions were,  real  $8,384,429,  personal  $2,640,939— total, 
$11,025,368  ;  tax  rate  $19.23  per  $1,000  ;  and  the  bonded 
debt  $1,525,000  ;  sinking  fund  $57,065  ;  net  debt  $1,467,- 
935.  After  a  litigation  of  several  years  over  the  1890 
issue  of  bonds  for  the  construction  of  a  dam  across  the 
Colorado  river  and  the  establishment  of  water  and  elec- 
tric lighting  plants  for  the  city,  the  State  Supreme  Court 
May  25,  1893,  declared  the  city  bonds  legal  obligations. 
The  amount  involved  was  $1,400,000,  and  a  tax  is  now 
leviea  for  the  payment  of  interest  and  the  creation  of  a 


A  trSTHALlA N-  LAND-TITLE  STSl^M.  [pU 

sinking  fund.  In  1895  it  had  a  trolley  road  with  13i  m. 
of  track,  and  2  daily,  7  weekly,  and  3  monthly  periodicals. 
AUSTEALIAN  LAND-TITLE  AND  TRANSFER 
SYSTEM:  A  system  of  public  registration  of  land-titles 
and  transfers,  introduced  in  Australia  by  Sir  Richard 
Torrens^  and  from  him  known  as  the  Torrens  system.  It 
h:i3  been  in  use  in  Manitoba,  Canada,  since  1885,  and  pre= 
vails  in  some  localities  in  England  and  Germany.  It  was 
.idopted  by  the  legislature  of  Illinois  in  1895,  conditionally 
upon  its  ratification  in  particular  counties;  and  in  Nov. ,  1895, 
was  adopted  by  popular  vote  of  Cook  County,  including  the 
city  of  Chicago,  by  a  vote  of  82,507  to  5,308.  It  provides 
for  the  public  registration  of  titles  and  the  public  guaranty 
of  their  validity.  Any  one  may  register  his  title  ujDon  pay- 
ment of  a  moderate  fee,  and  will  receive  a  certificate,  and 
the  registrar  is  required  to  publish  a  weekly  list  of  first 
registrations;  and  keep  it  posted  in  his  office  for  six 
months;  and  enter  the  registration  upon  the  tract  index  in 
his  office.  He  must  give  to  the  owner  a  certificate  of  reg- 
istration; and  this  certificate,  if  not  attacked  successfully 
in  the  courts  in  the  meantime,  Avill  after  five  years  be  con- 
clusive evidence  of  title.  Tax  titles  will  not  be  regis- 
tered till  the  holder  has  had  undisputed  possession  of  the 
tax-sale  property  for  10  years,  and  has  paid  taxes  thereon 
7  years.  The  certificates  of  title  may  be  used  as  negotia- 
ble securities.  Certificates  are  made  out  in  duplicate,  and 
numbered  consecutively.  One  copy  must  remain  in  the 
registrar's  office  forever  as  record  of  title;  the  duplicate 
being  given  to  the  owner,  whose  name  must  be  set  forth 
with  full  particulars  for  identification.  The  certificate 
must  show  all  mortgages,  encumbrances,  liens,  and  charges; 
and  must  be  received  in  every  court  as  conclusive  evidence 
of  the  title  of  the  property.  Transfers  are  accomplished 
by  deed,  mortgage,  or  lease.  On  the  death  of  the  owner, 
lands  so  registered  are  treated  as  personal  estate.  Notices 
of  judgments,  etc.,  must  be  filed  with  the  registrar  before 
they  become  liens  on  the  property.  An  indemnity  fund  is 
created  by  a  tax  of  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  value 
of  the  property  certified  for  the  first  time,  which  is  held  to 
protect  innocent  persons  who  suffer  loss  under  the  opera- 
tion of  the  law.  The  fee  for  registration  is  115,  and  this 
covers  all  expenses  up  to  the  granting  of  the  certificate; 
and  for  each  certificate  and  its  registration  the  fee  is  $2.00. 


Fi]  A  USTB  lA-H  UNGAR  Y. 

AUSTEIA-HUNGAEY:  An  empire  of  Europe;  Em- 
peror Francis  Joseph  I.,  |)roclaimed  emperor  of  Austria, 
Dec.  2,  1848,  and  King  of  Hungary,  June  8,  1867. 

Early  in  1894  a  Farmers^  Congress  held  in  Vienna 
adopted  a  series  of  resolutions  expressing  a  popular  de- 
mand for  electoral  reform;  and  the  government  brought 
out  in  the  reichsrath,  March  4,  a  program  which  proposed 
to  add  to  the  353  deputies,  elected  by  four  groups,  a  fifth 
group  composed  of  citizens  who  pay  five  florins  annually 
in  direct  taxation,  or  workingm.en  who  are  members  of  in- 
surance societies,  thus  largely  extending  the  suifrage. 
These  proposals,  however,  met  with  little  favor,  as  quite  in- 
adequate. Late  in  Nov.  the  ministry  announced  that  the 
government  refused  to  go  beyond  its  fundamental  principle 
that  the  electorate  shall  be  divided  into  social  strata.  It 
would  concede  that  the  laboring  classes  should  be  em- 
powered through  their  corporations  to  send  representatives 
to  the  chamber  of  deputies,  but  would  take  no  steps  to- 
ward universal  sulfrage.  Continued  expressions  of  popu- 
lar discontent  led  the  government  to  bring  forward  its 
measure  in  June,  1895,  but'with  no  popular  favor.  A  dem- 
onstration of  workingmen  was  attempted  in  Vienna  June 
10,  but  was  forbidden  by  the  police.  But  some  10,000 
gathered  in  the  streets,  and  there  was  much  disorder.  The 
measure  was  as  unpopuhir  in  the  reichsrath,  each  of  the 
existing  parties  feeling  that  they  would  lose  some  votes  by 
its  success.  The  labor  leaders  continued  lo  advocate 
universal  suffrage  with  unfailing  persistence. 

In  Feb.,  1894,  the  government  introduced  a  civil- 
marriage  bill  in  the  Hungarian  chamber.  It  v\^as  earnestly 
opposed  by  the  ultramontane  party,  but  was  taken  up  by  a 
decisive  vote  of  the  chamber,  and  passed  its  second  reading 
in  April,  but  was  rejected  by  the  upper  house.  The 
ministry  offered  to  resign,  but  consented  to  continue,  and 
the  lower  house  passed  the  bill  again  May  21.  Prime 
Minister  Wekerle  now  wished  the  emperor  to  create  new 
peers  enough  to  insure  its  passage  through  the  upper 
house;  but  the  emperor  refused,  and  Wekerle  and  his 
colleagues  resigned  May  31.  Count  Khiin  Hedervary  in 
vain  attempted  to  form  a  ministry,  and  Dr.  Wekerle  again 
took  office,  and  June  22,  under  pressure  from  the  emj^eror, 
the  bill  passed  the  upper  house.  It  makes  marriage  and 
divorce  civil  functions,  regulated  by  uniform  law  through- 


AUSTBIA-HUNOARY. 

ont  Hungary.  In  Oct.  bills  were  approved  defining  the  re- 
lations of  church  and  state,  regulating  civil  marriages,  re- 
quiring registration  of  births  and  deaths,  and  determining 
the  status  of  children  of  mixed  marriages,  the  clericals  and 
conservatives  opposing  and  the  liberals  carrying  the  meas- 
ures, which  received  the  emperor's  sanction  Dec.  10, 1894. 
A  bill  declaring  absolute  freedom  of  vv^orship,  and  one  for 
the  official  recognition  of  Judaism,  were  passed  by  the 
lower  house,  but  defeated  in  the  upper.  Dec.  28,  1894, 
Dr.  Wekerle  again  resigned,  and  Jan.  11,  1895,  Baron 
Banffy,  president  of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  a  liberal 
as  pronounced  as  Wekerle,  became  Hungarian  prime 
minister.  He  again  offered  the  rejected  bills,  and  March 
22  they  were  carried  through  the  upjoer  house  by  the  cast- 
ing vote  of  the  president,  though  the  clause  recognizing 
persons  of  no  religious  belief  was  stricken  out.  In  April 
the  papal  nuncio  to  Austria  activ(3ly  oj^posed  the  bills,  and 
this  act  was  publicly  denounced  by  Baron  Banffy,  who  an- 
nounced, May  1,  that  a  protest  had  been  sent  to  the  pope. 
In  fact  his  protest  had  been  detained  for  consideration  by 
the  imperial  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  Count  Kalnoky, 
and  May  2  it  was  announced  in  Vienna  that  Count 
Kalnoky  did  not  sanction  the  attack  on  the  nuncio,  and  at 
the  same  time  Count  Kalnoky  resigned.  The  emperor  re- 
fused to  accept  the  resignation,  and  there  were  explana- 
tions; but  the  liberals  insisted  that  Kalnoky  should  openly 
apologize  to  Banffy  and  should  exact  reparation  from  the 
Vatican.  Kalnoky  finally  resigned,  the  nuncio  was  re- 
called, and  May  14  the  Hungarian  upper  house  again  re- 
fused to  grant  equal  rights  to  those  professing  no  religion, 
and  May  16  they  passed  the  bill  removing  the  disabilities 
of  Hebrews.  In  Nov.,  1895,  it  was  reported  that  the  new 
civil-marriage  law  Avas  considerably  increasing  the  number 
of  marriages,  the  peasants,  who  regard  it  as  ungodly, 
hastening  to  marry  before  the  new  law  goes  into  effect, 
while  many  who  were  unable  to  marry  under  the  old  re- 
strictions, because  of  religious  differences,  are  hailing  the 
new  liberty. 

In  Feb.,  1894,  there  were  72  arrests  in  Prague  of  per- 
sons said  to  belong  to  the  Omladina,  a  secret  society  which 
was  thought  to  have  inspired  the  murder  of  Rudolf  Mrva. 
The  trials  closed  Feb.  21  with  the  acquittal  of  two,  but  the 
QOnvictiou  of  the  others  of  seditious  conduct,  an'^.  th^ir 


Ga]  a  USTRIA-U  JJNGAli  T, 

sentence  to  terms  of  imprisonment  varying  from  two  to 
eight  weeks. 

The  death  of  tlie  illustrious  Hungarian  patriot  Kossuth, 
March  20,  1894,  led  to  resolutions  of  respect  and  public 
honor  in  the  Hungarian  chamber  of  deputies,  and  his 
funeral  was  celebrated  April  1  at  Budapest  with  great  re- 
spect and  popular  emotion. 

In  Dec,  1894,  the  government  secured  from  the  Roths- 
child syndicate  a  loan  of  76,000,000  florins  ($36,000,000) 
in  gold  to  complete  the  reform  of  the  currency  of  the 
empire. 

In  May,  1895,  there  v/ere  riotous  demonstrations  in 
Vienna,  ostensibly  anti-Semitic,  but  in  fact  largely  social- 
istic, as  the  anti-Semitic  movement  both  in  Austria  and 
Germany  is  also  an  anti-capitalistic  movement.  It  was 
connected  with  the  popular  discontent  at  the  postj^one- 
ment  of  electoral  reform.  The  municipal  elections  re- 
turned 64  anti-Semites,  62  liberals,  and  12  independents. 
This  gave  the  anti-Semites  the  right  to  the  vice-presidency 
of  the  council,  which  carries  with  it  the  office  of  deputy- 
mayor.  They  chose  Dr.  Liiger,  the  anti-Semitic  leader  in 
the  reichsrath.  The  mayor.  Dr.  Gruebl,  declined  to  be  as- 
sociated with  Liiger,  and  resigned,  w^hereupon  the  latter 
was  elected  burgomaster,  but  by  a  majority  so  narrow  that 
he  was  unwilling  to  accept  office.  The  masses,  holding 
that  he  Avas  hindered  by  Jewish  machinations,  broke 
out  into  riot,  and  May  29  a  mob  seized  the  city  hall. 
Another  vote  for  burgomaster  gave  no  requisite  majority. 
May  30  the  government  dissolved  the  Vienna  council,  ap- 
pointing an  imperial  commissary  to  govern  the  city,  Avith 
the  assistance  of  fifteen  councillors — seven  liberals,  seven 
anti-Semites,  and  one  neutral — Dr.  Liiger  being  excluded 
from  taking  part  in  the  administration. 

June  17,  1895,  Prince  von  Windischgratz,  who  had  been 
imperial  prime  minister  since  1893,  resigned.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Count  Taafe,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  in 
Nov.,  1895,  by  Count  Badeni.  The  new  prime  minister 
is  said  to  possess  the  fullest  confidence  of  the  emperor,  and 
is  considered  above  the  present  narrow  party  strifes,  and 
likely  to  have  a  successful  ministry. 

AUTHORS^  ASSOCIATION,  organized  in  New  York, 
1892,  under  the  title  of  The  Association  of  American  Au- 
thors, now  entitled  The  .American  Authors'  Guild  (under 


AVTSORS.  [Gfi 

which  name  it  was  incorporated  1895),  has  for  its  objects 
the  jn'omotion  of  a  professional  spirit  among  authors,  and 
a  better  understanding  between  authors  and  publishers  by 
some  practical  means  of  securing  accurate  returns  of  sales; 
also,  to  advise  authors  as  to  the  value  of  literary  property 
and  the  different  modes  of  publishing;  to  see  that  con- 
tracts are  drawn  so  as  to  secure  authors'  rights;  to  settle 
disputes  in  these  matters  by  arbitration  or  at  law;  to  secure 
any  reforms  needed,  as  in  copyright  and  postal  rates;  and 
in  general  to  guard  literary  property  and  advance  the  in- 
terests of  American  authors  and  literature.  All  persons 
engaged  in  literary  pursuits  are  eligible  to  membership. 
Surplus  moneys  from  fees  or  bequests  are  to  be  held  as  a 
pension  fund  for  necessitous  members.  The  initiation  fee 
is  15;  the  annual  dues  13;  life-membership  $50.  The  first 
pres.  was  Col.  Thomas  W.  Higginson;  pres.  for  the  year 
ending  1896,  Oct.  9,  Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson.  The 
membership  has  increased  to  about  300,  including  many 
noted  writers.  A  movement  is  begun  to  establish  State 
Guilds,  and  is  to  be  tried  in  Massachusetts.  A  public 
reading,  1895,  May,  yielded  over  $400  toward  the  pension 
fund:  The  present  secretary  is  Henry  Hardwicke,  120 
Broadway,  New  York.  The  seal  of  the  guild  is  a  hand 
holding  up  a  pair  of  scales,  with  the  motto  Simm  Cuique. 

AUTHORS^  BRITISH  SOCIETY  OF  :  an  association 
organized  1883,  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  later  Amer. 
Authors'  Guild,  with  over  800  members,  and  open  to  all 
persons.  Its  governing  council  of  thirty  is  self-perpetua- 
tive.  It  has  opened  a  spacious  authors'  club-room  and  pub- 
lishes a  periodical.  The  Autlior.  The  most  noted  writers 
are  among  its  members,  and  Lord  Tennyson  was  its  presi- 
dent until  his  death. 

AUTHORS'  CLUB,  a  social  club  in  New  York,  to 
which  any  one  is  said  to  be  eligible  for  election  who  has 
written  a  book,  but  probably  this  requirement  is  elastic. 
It  was  founded  in  1882,  and  meets  fortnightly  on  Thurs- 
day evening  for  unceremonious  conversation,  with  a  colla- 
tion— at  present  in  rooms  at  Seventh  Ave.  and  Fifty-sixth 
St.  Rossiter  Johnson,  J.  D.  Champlin,  Editor  L.  S.  Met- 
calf,  and  the  late  Prof.  H.  H.  Boyesen,  have  been  among 
the  most  active  members,  the  total  membership  numbering 
about  170. 


Gc]  A  UTHORS. 

AUTHORS,  FRENCH  SOCIETY  OF  {Soclete  dcs 
Gem  de  Lettres),  a  society  organized  1837,  especially  for  the 
protection  of  anthors  in  their  rights.  At  first  much 
opposed,  it  has  grown  to  be  a  dominant  power.  Any  man 
of  letters  is  eligible.  An  electiye  committee  of  24  is  in 
control.  In  the  first  30  years  $2-46,800  was  collected, 
mostly  from  pirating  publishers.  Its  pension  fund  proyides 
for  aid  in  work,  for  tne  sick,  and  for  age.  The  society 
publishes  a  journal,  the  Clironique,  and  also  a  bulletin  of 
items  for  editors  of  literary  journals. 

AVALON  COLLEGE,  Trenton,  Mo.:  Instructors  at  the 
close  of  1894,  11;  students,  241;  graduates  since  organiza- 
tion, 63;  yols.  in  library,  5,000.  President,  F.  A.  Kum- 
ler,  A.M. 

BABB,  Washijs'GTOI^  Irving,  jurist:  b.  near  Burling- 
ton, la.,  1844;  entered  the  Iowa  Wesleyan  Uniyersity  1860, 
but  left  to  join  the  Union  army  1862;  returned  to  the 
uniyersity  1864  and  completed  the  course;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  1868;  settled  in  Mount  Pleasant  to 
l^ractice;  was  twice  elected  a  district  judge,  and  was  the 
unsuccessful  Dem.  candidate  for  goyernor  of  Iowa  1895. 

BABIES'  HOSPITAL,  Xos.  657  and  659  Lexington 
Ayenue,  New  York;  founded  in  1887.  The  report  at  the 
end  of  1894  showed  that  the  hospital  sheltered  43  children 
who  were  cared  for  by  18  nurses.  A  child  to  be  receiyed 
must  be  under  three  years  of  age.  The  number  receiyed 
since  1887  is  1,500,  Avho  haye  receiyed  an  ayerage  of  4 
weeks'  treatment. 

The  buildings  were  completely  renoyated  and  refitted  in 
1894.  They  are  diyided  into  small  wards,  the  largest  con- 
taining 8  beds,  and  the  smallest  6. 

Connected  with  the  hospital. is  a  training  school  for 
nursery  maids,  from  which  60  in  all  haye  graduated,  22 
haying  graduated  in  1895.  The  graduated  nursery  maids 
haye  been  trained  to  take  entire  care  of  a  nursing  or  arti- 
ficially fed  infant,  and  are  much  desired  for  domestic  ser- 
vice, wdiere  they  show  the  practical  worth  of  their  training. 

The  children  are  sent  from  the  police  stations,  the  day 
nurseries,  and  the  Children's  Aid  Society.  The  applica- 
tions for  admission  during  the  year  were  twice  as  many  as 
could  be  receiyed. 

The  hospital  receiyes  15,000  a  year  from  the  city,  and 


BADEN.  [GD 

during  1894  received  110,000  from  private  charity;  its  ex- 
penses equaled  the  income.  A  bed  can  be  endowed  in 
perpetuity  for  $5,000,  during  two  lives  for  1-1,000,  and  for 
one  life  for  13,000;  and  can  be  supported  one  year  for 
1250. 

Connected  with  the  hospital  is  a  seaside  hospital  at  Sea- 
bright,  N.  J.,  comprising  three  cottages  and  grounds  of 
three  acres  extent,  in  which  157  children,  sent  out  from 
the  Babies^  Hospital,  were  cared  for  during  a  month  of  the 
summer  of  1895. 

The  influence  of  the  hospital  has  been  felt  in  the  city 
hospitals,  which  have  been  led  to  establish  large  and  com- 
plete infant  departments.  Other  cities  have  also  followed 
their  initiative,  and  similar  charities  have  been  established 
in  Chicago,  Buffalo,  and  San  Francisco. 

BADEN,  Grakd  Duciiy  of,  one  of  the  States  of  the 
German  empire;  pop.  (1890)  1,657,867;  cap.,  Carlsruhe; 
reigning  grand  duke,  Friedrich  I.  The  budget  is  voted 
for  a  period  of  two  years;  estimates  for  1894-96,  revenue 
75,782,366  marks  (118,036,203),  expenditure  81,251,544 
marks  (119,337,867);  deficiency  to  be  made  up  from  sur- 
plus of  former  years.  The  oidy  public  debt  is  that  in- 
curred for  railway  construction,  which  amounted  18'94  to 
327,505,755  marks  (179,946,369).  The  revenue  included 
the  share  of  the  duchy  in  the  customs  receipts  of  the  em- 
pire, 12,078,942  marks  (12,874,718),  and  the  expenditures, 
the  duchv's  contribution  to  the  empire,  14,103,394  marks 
($3,356,607). 

BADENI,  Count  Casimir  Felix,  Austrian  statesman: 
b.  in  Poland,  Oct.  14,  1846;  received  a  university  educa- 
tion; entered  the  Austrian  civil  service;  became  district 
chief  at  Zolkiew  1871;  was  called  to  the  ministry  of  the  in- 
terior 1873;  appointed  governor  of  Galicia  1888;  and  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  prime  minister  of  Austria-Hungary, 
vSept.  15,  1895.  He  belongs  to  a  noble  family,  is  conserva- 
tive in  politics,  and  has  proven  himself  an  able  adminis- 
trator. 

BAGIRMI,  a  sultanate  of  Central  Africa,  between  Lake 
Chad,  the  Lower  Shari  river,  and  the  Sokoro  hills  west  of 
Lake  Fitri,  inhabited  by  the  Barmaghe  Mohammedan 
negroes.     By  the  Franco-German  agreement  of  Feb.   1, 


ge]  BAHIA. 

1895,  it  was  reserved,  with  all  the  region  east  of  the  Shari, 
to  the  French  sphere  of  influence. 

BAHIA,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Brazil;  also  the  cap.  of 
the  same  and  the  second  largest  commercial  city  in  the  re- 
public; pop.  province  (1888)  official  estimate,  1,821,089; 
city  (1892)  est.,  80,000.  U.  S.  Consul  McDaniel  reported 
May  1,  1895,  that  general  business  showed  a  marked  im- 
provement; that  building  operations  were  more  active  than 
ever;  that  an  extensive  coaling  depot  has  been  completed 
on  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea;  and  that  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods  has  reached  larger  proportions  than  in  any 
other  city  in  Brazil.  One  stock  company  with  cap.  of  II,- 
600,000  is  completing  a  large  plant,  facing  the  bayf 
another  with  the  same  cap.  operates  two  large  cotton 
factories  and  a  boot  and  shoe  factory;  and  a  third  with 
cap.  of  $880,000  has  secured  control  of  six  factories,  with 
an  annual  consumption  of  2,228,600  lbs.  of  raw  cotton. . 

BAILEY,  James  Montgomeky,  author  and  humorist, 
known  as  ^' The  Danbury  News  Man:^'  b.  in  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  Sept.  25,  1841;  d.  in  Danbury,  Conn.,  March  4,  1894. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  projorietor  of  the  Dan- 
bury  News  which  he  founded  in  1870,  and  in  connection 
with  which  his  reputation  as  a  humorist  was  made.  Ho 
was  also  a  life  member  of  the  Connecticut  Humane  So- 
ciety, the  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  and  the  Fairfield 
County  Historical  Society,  and  of  many  other  organiza- 
tions and  fraternities,  and  president  of  the  local  Board  of 
Trade. 

BAIKD,  Hexry  Martyis^,  ph.d.,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  educatoi' 
and  historian:  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1832.     In 

1894  he  contributed  to  the  Methodist  Review  an  important 
historical  article  on  Refugee  Churches  in  England;  and  in 

1895  he  published  the  Huguenots  and  the  Revocation  of 
the  Edict  of  Nantes  (2  vols.,  8vo),  being  the  third  in  a 
series  of  works,  of  which  the  earlier  were  The  Rise  of  the 
Huguenots  in  France,  and  The  Huguenots  and  Henry  of 
Navarre. 

BAKER,  James,  English  journalist  and  author.  Dur- 
ing 1894  he  contributed  to  the  London  Times,  Pall  MaD 
Gazette,  Morning  Post,  and  Globe;  and  published  Pictures 
from  Bohemia  with  Pen  and  Pencil,  with  profuse  illnstra- 


BAKER.  [GF 

tions  (reprinted  in  the  United  States);  and  A  Forgotten 
Great  Englishman. 

BAKER,  LucTEN",  lawyer:  b.  in  Gorham,  Fulton  co., 
0.,  1847;  graduated  at  Adrian  College,  Mich.;  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  Monroe  co.,  Mich.,  1868;  and  has  practiced 
since  in  Leavenivorth,  Kan.  He  has  been  city  atty.  and 
State  senator,  and  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  county 
atty.  and  Congress,  and  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  as  a 
Rep.,  1895.  He  is  a  brother  of  John  H.  Baker,  U.  S. 
district  judge  for  the  Indiana  district,  and  has  been  con- 
spicuous in  opposing  Populism. 

BAKU,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the 
Caspian  Sea;  also  the  cap.  and  seaport  of  the  same;  pop. 
(1892)  prov.  768,536;  city  107,761.  The  province  contains 
the  most  productive  petroleum  (locally,  naphtha)  oil  wells 
in  the  world,  the  owners  of  which,  aided  by  the  government 
authorities,  are  now  seeking  to  control  the  oil  trade  of 
Europe  and  Asia  and  to  exclude  the  petroleum  production 
of  the  U.  S.  In  Oct.,  1895,  negotiations  were  pending  be- 
tween Russia  and  Italy  for  a  commercial  treaty  under  which 
Italy  would  adopt  a  preferential  tariff  on  Russian  petroleum. 
To  meet  the  competition  of  the  U.  S.,  the  Russians  are  re- 
ducing expenses  and  figuring  closely,  and  the  railways  are 
aiding  them  by  low  transj)ortation  rates.  Between  Aug.  12 
and  Sept.  12,  1895,  there  were  shipped  from  Baku  by  rail 
alone  11,386  cistern  carloads  of  oil.  Russian  crude  oil  only 
yields  30  per  cent,  of  refined  oil,  against  90  per  cent,  in  the 
case  of  American.  At  Baku  the  oil  is  estimated  and  sold 
by  weight,  the  unit  being  the  pood,  or  36,112  lbs. 

BALFOUR,  Rt.  Hok.  Arthue  James,  p.c,  ll.d., 
D.C.L.,  E.R.S.,  statesman  and  author:  b.  July  25,  1848.  In 
1894  he  contributed  to  the  International  Journal  of  Ethics 
an  article  on  Naturalism  and  Ethics;  and  in  1895  he  pub- 
lished in  London  and  New  York  The  Foundations  of  Belief. 

BALFOUR,  Gerald  AVilliam,  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland:  b.  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  1853;  brother  of  the  Rt. 
Hon.  Arthur  J.  Balfour,  and  nephew  of  the  Marquis  of 
Salisbury;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; private  secretary  to  liis  brother  when  president  of 
the  Local  Government  Board  1885;  M.  P.  for  the  central 
division  of  Leeds  since  1885;  married  a  daughter  of  the  1st 
Earl  of  Lytton  1887;  and  member  of  the  Labor  Commission 


AG]  BALL. 

1891.  On  the  accession  of  the  conservative  ministry  under 
the'  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  June  25,  1895,  he  was  appointed 
chief  secretary  for  Irehind,  a  post  held  by  his  brother 
1887-91. 

BALL,  Sir  Robert  Stawell,  ll.d.,  f.r.s.,  astronomer: 
b.  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  July  1,  1840.  He  furnished  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  Reports  in  1894  papers  entitled: 
Atoms  and  Sunbeams,  and  Wanderings  of  the  North  Pole; 
and  published  in  1894  The  Story  of  the  Sun;  and  in  1895 
An  Atlas  of  Astronomy. 

BALLAISTTYN^E,  Robert  M.,  author:  b.  in  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  in  1825;  d.  in  Rome,  Italy,  Feb.  8,  1894. 

BALLOT  REFORM.  In  1895,  every  State  in  the  U. 
S.,  excepting  Georgia,  Louisiana,  North  Carolina,  and 
South  Carolina,  had  adopted  some  reformed  plan  of  ballot- 
ing, based  on  the  Australian  system  and  modified  to  suit 
local  conditions.  The  first  States  that  adopted  a  reformed 
plan  were  Massachusetts,  for  the  whole  State,  and  Ken- 
tucky, for  the  city  of  Louisville,  both  in  1888.  Subse- 
quent experience  and  legislation  have  led  to  a  variety  in 
the  forms  of  the  ballot,  which  in  brief  are:  (1)  in  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  there  is  a  separate  ballot  for  each 
party  ticket,  and  pasters  are  allowed;  (2)  in  all  other  States 
which  have  reformed  their  ballot  system,  there  is  a  single 
ballot,  usually  called  a  ^'^ blanket^'  ballot,  because  of  its 
size,  on  which  the  voter  indicates  his  choice — for  a  straight 
vote — by  marking  a  cross  in  the  circle  at  the  head  of  the 
column  containing  the  nominees  of  his  party,  and  for  a 
scattered  or  split  vote,  by  making  a  cross  in  the  space  be- 
fore the  desired  name.  Two  forms  of  the  single  ballot  are 
in  use:  (a)  one,  following  the  Australian  plan,  in  which 
the  titles  of  the  offices  are  arranged  alphabetically,  the 
names  of  the  candidates  and  of  the  party  following;  (b)  one 
which  groups  all  names  and  offices  by  parties.  In  the 
New  York  State  election,  in  Nov.,  1895,  the  single  ballot 
had  ten  columns,  one  for  each  organization  that  had  made 
regular  nominations,  and  another  column  containing  only 
the  titles  of  the  offices  to  be  filled,  with  a  space  on  the  left 
to  indicate  the  choice  by  making  a  cross,  and  a  space  be- 
neath the  title  of  office,  in  which  the  voter  could  write  the 
name  of  any  person  for  whom  he  desired  to  vote,  whose 
name  was  not  printed  in  any  of  the  party  columns  of  the 


Baltic  and  nop.th  sea  caJ^al.  [qh 

ballot.  This  ballot  was  the  largest  that  has  ever  been 
used.  Each  of  the  ten  columns  was  headed  by  a  registered 
party  emblem,  the  circle  in  which  to  indicate  the  choice 
for  a  straight  vote,  and  the  name  of  the  party  organization; 
and  the  parties  making  full  nominations  had  nineteen 
names.  For  several  days  prior  to  the  election  each  of  the 
large  parties  had  ^^  voting  schools/^  in  which  voters  were 
instructed  in  the  manner  of  voting  the  ballot.  All  of  the 
old  time  ^^  scratching  ^^  of  ballots  is  avoided  in  each  variety 
of  the  reformed  methods. 

A  newer  feature  of  ballot  reform  is  the  substitution 
for  the  ballot  paper,  which  is  folded  and  deposited  by  hand, 
of  voting  machines,  which  are  contrivances  that  both  re- 
cord the  votes  and  count  them,  enabling  inspectors  to  see 
at  any  moment  how  many  votes  have  been  cast  and  for 
whom.  No  machine  has  as  yet  (1895)  come  into  general 
use,  but  several  States  have  authorized  their  employment, 
and  others  have  referred  the  question  of  their  adoption  to 
local  option.  Three  varieties  of  the  voting  machine  have 
been  legally  sanctioned,  (1)  the  Myers,  in  which  the 
single  ballot  is  placed  in  a  frame  having  a  push-knob  for 
each  candidate,  the  voter  indicating  his  choice  by  pushing 
the  knob  opposite  his  candidate's  name,  when  the  machine 
indicates  the  vote  on  a  dial  at  the  back  of  the  frame,  and 
locks  the  knobs  of  all  other  candidates  for  the  same  office  (be- 
fore a  second  voter  is  ready,  all  knobs  are  unlocked);  (2) 
the  McTammany,  which  contains  on  its  face  a  slot  for  each 
office,  beneath  which  is  a  card  bearing  the  names  of  the 
candidates  for  the  office  seen  through  the  slot,  the  voter's 
choice  being  indicated  by  turning  a  wheel  till  the  name  of 
his  candidate  appears,  when  he  pushes  a  knob  which 
punctures  the  tally-sheet;  and  (3)  the  Rhines,  in  which 
the  names  are  arranged  as  in  the  Myers  by  parties  and 
offices,  slip  names  are  inserted  in  the  push-buttons,  and 
separate  tally-sheets  for  each  candidate  with  vertical  serial 
numbers  are  placed  beneath  the  face,  the  voter  pushing  a 
button  which  places  a  punch  in  such  a  position  for  each 
name  that  when  the  lid  of  the  machine  is  closed  the  next 
number  on  each  tally-sheet  is  punctured. 

BALTIC  AND  NOETH  SEA  CANAL,  extending 
from  Kiel,  on  Kiel  Bay,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
Baltic  Sea,  61  m.  southwesterly  across  Schleswig-Holstein 


Gi]  nALTIMORE. 

to  Brunsbuttel  on  the  Elbe,  near  its  debouchure  into  the 
North  Sea.  It  is  200  ft.  wide  and  28  deep  to  give  passage 
to  the  largest  ships.  It  was  constructed  by  an  appropria- 
tion by  the  German  Imperial  Government  amounting  to 
125,000,000,  and  by  the  Prussian  Government  of  112,500,- 
000,  and  was  officially  opened  Sept.  29,  1894.  The  work 
was,  however,  far  from  complete  at  that  time,  and  the  great 
naval  celebration  of  the  opening  was  not  till  June,  1895. 
June  19  the  emperor  and  suite  arrived  at  Hamburg,  where, 
at  a  civic  banquet,  he  declared  that  the  great  work  was 
in  the  interests  of  peace,  not  war.  June  20  the  em- 
peror's yacht  HohenzoUern  entered  the  canal  from  the 
North  Sea,  and  was  followed  through  by  twenty-three 
vessels  of  different  nations.  June  21  the  emperor  laid  the 
keystone  of  the  canal  at  Kiel,  which  will  form  the  pedes- 
tal of  a  statue  of  the  emperor  William  I.,  under  whom 
the  w^ork  was  begun.  June  22  there  were  maneuvers  of 
the  German  fleet  in  Kiel  Bay.  More  than  80  warships  of 
different  nations  took  part  in  the  celebration,  of  which 
there  were  from  Germany  30,  Sweden  and  Norway  11, 
Great  Britain  11,  Denmark  6,  the  United  States  4,  Austria- 
Hungary  4,  Kussia  3,  France  3,  Spain  3,  the  Netherlands 
2,  Roumania  2,  Portugal  1,  and  Turkey  1. 

An  important  feature  of  tlie  canal  is  the  bridges  by 
which  it  is  crossed.  Four  lines  of  railway  pass  over  these, 
and  two  of  them  over  fixed  bridges  so  high  that  full-masted 
vessels  may  pass  beneath  with  only  the  lowering  of  the 
royal  mast,  the  height  being  137  ft.  9  3-4  inches.  These 
two  bridges  have  an  arched  span  of  511  ft.,  the  longest  in 
Germany.  The  other  railways  pass  by  swing  bridges  with 
the  pivot  in  the  canal  bank. 

The  registered  tonnage  of  the  traffic  between  the  North 
Sea  and  the  Baltic  was  estimated  for  1895  at  18,521,212 
tons,  having  increased  about  50  per  cent,  since  1880.  It  is 
believed  that  the  saving  per  ton  for  vessels  taking  the  canal 
route  will  average  25  cents.  The  toll  rates  have  been  fixed 
so  low  as  to  pay  but  a  small  interest  on  the  cost  of  con- 
struction. 

BALTIMORE,  city,  port  of  entry,  co-extensive  with 
Baltimore  City  co.,  Md.;  pop.  (1890)  434,439;  (1895)  est. 
500,000.  Mayor  Latrobe  reported  Jan.  1,  1895,  cash  bal- 
ance Dec.  31,  1893,  $572,381.54;  receipts  from  all  sources 


BALUGBISTAN.  [ns 

1804,  112,914,068.98— total,  $13,486,450.52;   expenditures 

1894,  $13,217,503.86— balance  Dec.  31,  1894,  $268,946.66. 
The  debt  Jan.  1,  1895,  was  $31,126,626  (including  water 
debt  $6,576,500);  sinking  funds  and  other  assets  $6,733,246; 
net  debt  $24,393,380.  The  assessed  valuations  for  taxation 
Jan.  1,  1895,  were:  Eeal  estate  $244,775,740,  personal 
$75,946,737— total,  $320,722,477.  There  were  179  public 
schools,  of  which  165  were  day  schools,  with  1,557  teachers 
and  59,808  enrolled  pupils,  and  69  night  school  teachers 
and  2,215  pupils,  besides  30  special  teachers  for  all  the 
schools.  The  estimate  for  current  expenses  of  the  schools 
1895  was  $1,210,590.     In  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 

1895,  the  imports  of  merchandise  aggregated  in  value 
$12,260,706,  and  the  exports  $61,938,877,  an  increase  of 
$281,806  in  imports,  and  a  decrease  of  $16,483,252  in  ex- 
ports. The  clearances  were  147  sailing  vessels  of  58,673 
tons  and  488  steam  vessels  of  918,503  tons,  and  the  en- 
trances, 141  sailing  vessels  of  56,196  tons  and  329  steam 
vessels  of  577,439  tons.  In  1895  there  were  23  national 
banks  (cap.  $13,326,950),  6  state  banks  (cap.  $1,123,500), 
2  trust  and  deposit  companies  (cap.  $1,500,000),  a  fidelity 
and  trust  company,  and  19  private  banking-houses.  There 
were  over  250  m.  of  cable  and  trolley  railway  lines,  com- 
prising a  rapid  transit  equipment  representing  an  invest- 
ment of  over  $20,000,000.  A  tax  on  the  gross  receipts  of 
the  street  railway  companies,  amounting  1895  to  $250,000, 
furnishes  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  public  park  system, 
for  which  the  city  has  a  world-v/ide  reputation,  and  of 
acquiring  new  tracts.  An  additional  park  of  over  400 
acres  was  acquired  1895,  at  a  cost  of  $710,000,  which  will 
also  be  paid  for  from  this  tax.  The  new  park  is  the  old 
Clifton  estate  of  Johns  Hopkins,  on  which  it  is  proposed  to 
hold  a  great  exposition  1897,  the  city  appropriating  $500,000 
to  permanently  beautify  the  grounds  and  erect  buildings 
that  shall  remain  as  park  attractions.  In  1895  Baltimore 
had  70  periodicals,  of  which  8  were  daily,  1  semi-weekly, 
32  weekly,  2  semi-monthly,  23  monthly,  1  semi-quarterly, 
and  3  quarterly. 

BALUCHISTAN,  country  in  Southern  Central  Asia, 
bordering  on  Afghanistan,  British  India,  and  Persia;  com- 
prising Independent  Baluchistan,  Quetta  and  the  Bolan 
(administered  by  the  British  government),  British  Baluchis- 


HA]  BAMBERG. 

tan^  and  the  territory  of  some  Afghan  and  Baluch  tribes  on 
the  border  of  India;  pop.  of  Independent  and  British 
Bahichistan,  about  500/JOO;  seat  of  administration,  Quetta; 
Khan,  Mir  Mahmoud.  Since  1803,  when  Khudadad  Khan, 
found  guilty  of  having  murdered  his  minister  and  other 
subjects,  was  permitted  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  son,  Mir 
Mahmoud,  the  region  has  been  quite  pacific.  Serious 
trouble  was  threatened  early  in  1894;  but  the  firmness  of 
the  new  khan  overcame  it.  He  has  given  evidence  of  a 
desire  to  cultivate  close  relations  with  the  British,  and  has 
oifered  to  equip  and  maintain  at  his  own  expense  a  military 
force  which  shall  be  at  all  times  at  the  disposal  of  the 
British  Indian  government.  The  Bolan  and  Sind-Pishin 
railways  are  under  the  control  of  the  British;  surveys  have 
been  made  recently  for  a  railway  from  Karachi  to  the  forti- 
fied city  of  Quetta,  passing  through  Khelat,  the  largest  city; 
and  a  submarine  cable  has  been  laid  from  Karachi  to  the 
Persian  gulf,  touching  at  Gwadar,  whence  a  telegraph  line 
has  been  extended  to  Quetta.  In  1894  the  imports  at  Lus 
Bela  and  Khelat  aggregated  51,500  Rx  (about  1113,300), 
and  the  exports  112,800  Rx  (about  1248,160),  the  entire 
trade  being  with  British  India. 

BAMBERGr,  city  in  Bavaria,  Upper  Franconia,  Germany; 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  porcelain  and  jewelry;  pop. 
(1890)  35,248.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
198,884.75,  an  increase  of  $47,247.48  over  the  total  for  the 
corresponding  quarter  1894.  The  principal  articles,  in 
order  of  value,  were  baskets  and  basketware;  china,  glass, 
porcelain,  stone  and  earthenware;  wine,  brandy,  beer  and 
liquors;  and  hops. 

BARLEY.     See  Agricultuke. 

BANCROFT,  Hubert  Howe,  historian:  b.  ai  Gran^ 
ville,  0.,  May  5,  1832.  He  published  in  1894,  separately 
in  Spanish  and  English,  Resources  and  Development  of 
Mexico. 

BANGKOK,  citv,  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam;  pop. 
(1894)  est.  000,000,  chiefly  Chinese.  IJ.  S.  Minister  Barrett 
I'cported  July  8,  1895,  that  the  city  was  one  of  many 
Oriental  ports  that  would  furnish  ample  cargoes  for  U.  S. 
merchantmen  should  our  shipping  interests  ever  regain 
their  former  hold  in  that  part  of  the  world,  and  that  the 


BANGOR.  [HB 

British,  Frencli  and  Germans  were  striving  vigorously  to 
control  the  Siamese  carrying  trade,  all  of  which  centres  in 
Bangkok.  During  the  calendar  year  1894,  516  vessels 
entered  the  port,  not  one  from  the  U.  S.  Great  Britain 
had  the  majority,  371,  and  Germany  was  second  with  62. 
The  total  tonnage  was  414,583.  Of  the  total  value  of 
cargoes  brought  into  port  by  412  vessels,  $17,083,456, 
English  vessels  carried  114,787,742,  or  about  80  per  cent. 
At  present  the  foreign  trade  is  principally  with  Singapore, 
Hong  Kong,  the  British  Shan  States,  and  Yunnan. 

BANGOR,  city,  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  Penobscot  co.. 
Me.;  pop.  (1890)  19,103.  During  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1895,  the  imports  of  merchandise  aggregated 
$1,043,634,  and  exports  $1,104,246.  The  assessed  valua- 
tions 1894  were:  Keal  $8,875,209,  personal  $4,165,494— 
total,  $13,040,703;  tax  rate  $21.50  per  $1,000;  total  debt 
Jan.  1,  1895,  $1,799,175  (including  water  debt  $500,000 
and  floating  $30,000);  sinking  fund  $1,050,000;  net  debt 
$749,175.  In  1895  there  were  5  national  banks  (cap. 
$750,000),  2  savings  banks  (resources  $4,863,405),  a  trust 
and  banking  company  (cap.  $165,500),  a  private  bank,  an 
electric  street  railway  extending  to  Brewer  with  8  m.  of 
track,  and  3  daily,  4  weekly  and  5  monthly  periodicals. 

BANGS,  John  Ken"drick,  journalist  and  author:  jmb- 
lished  in  1894  Three  Weeks  in  Politics,  and  The  Water 
Ghost  and  Others;  and  in  1895  contributed  to  Harper's 
Magazine  and  other  periodicals,  and  published  The  Idiot, 
Mr.  Bonaparte  of  Corsica,  and  A  House-Boat  on  the  Styx. 

BANK  OF  ENGLAND.  Established  in  1694;  has 
ordinary  banking  and  issue  departments,  wholly  separate 
but  under  the  same  management;  amount  of  notes  issued 
limited  to  value  of  metallic  securities.  On  Jan.  2,  1895, 
the  circulation  rested  on  the  follov/ing  security:  Gold  and 
bullion,  £30,849,895;  government  debt,  £11,015,100;  other 
securities,  £5,784,000— total  issues,  £47,649,895  ($231,- 
578,489).  The  banking  department  reported  capital  £14,- 
553,000;  surplus  £3,192,427;  deposits  £44,797,537;  other 
liabilities  £143,967— total  liabilities,  £62,689,931  ($304,- 
658,484).  The  assets  comprised:  Government  securities 
£14,689,099;  other  securities  £24,025,528;  notes  £21,731,- 
120;  coin  £2,241,184— total,  £62,686,921.  The  metallic 
reserve  and  securities  of  the  issues  department  are  not  sub- 


HC]  BANKING  SYSTEMS. 

ject  to  the  other  liabilities  of  the  bank.  Notes  may  be 
issued  on  silver  bullion  to  the  extent  of  one-fifth  of  its 
metallic  reserve.  See  Baxkixg  Systems  oe  the  World, 
United  Kingdom. 

The  government  ov/es  the  Bank  £11,015,100,  on  which  it 
pays  2  3-4  per  cent,  interest  till  April  5,  1903.  After  that 
date  it  will  pay  2  1-2  per  cent.,  unless  the  Bank  has  given 
six-months  notice  declining  to  accept  that  rate;  in  which 
case  the  debt  may  be  paid  off  without  further  notice,  and 
until  payment  the  interest  will  remain  2  3-4. 

At  the  half-yearly  general  court  of  the  directors  and 
company,  March  15,  1894,  it  was  announced  that  the  chief 
cashier,  Mr.  May,  had  been  guilty  of  grave  irregularities, 
and  had  been  obliged  to  resign.  To  meet  all  possible  loss 
£250,000  had  been  set  aside.  At  'he  half-yearly  general 
court  following,  Sept.  13,  it  was  announced  that  the  net 
profits  for  the  half  year  were  £587,429,  as  against  £635,- 
904  for  the  previous  half  year;  and  a  half-year's  dividend 
of  £4  per  cent.,  interest  and  profits,  was  made,  as  against 
£4  10s.  per  cent,  for  the  previous  half  year.  The  leading 
cause  of  the  diminished  profits  was  said  to  be  due,  not  to 
any  fresh  losses,  nor  any  necessity  to  increase  the  provision 
to  cover  losses,  but  to  an  unprecedented  accumulation  of 
the  reserves  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank,  and  the  very  low 
value  of  money  during  the  period. 

In  March,  1894,  the  liabilities  on  the  Baring  liquida- 
tion amounted  to  £3,537,667,  of  which  the  debt  due  to 
the  Bank  of  England  was  £3,450,000.  During  the  subse- 
quent half-year  the  liabilities  were  reduced  to  £2,481,985, 
and  the  debt  due  the  Bank  to  £2,409,000;  and  Xov.  21, 
1894,  the  liquidation  was  finally  closed,  the  remaining  se- 
curities, valued  at  about  £2,000,000  being  transferred  by 
the  Bank  to  a  syndicate  which  relieved  the  Bank  of  further 
responsibility. 

'  BANKING  SYSTEMS,  FOREIGN.  In  1895  the  U.  S. 
comptroller  of  the  currency,  aided  by  the  ambassadors,  min- 
isters, and  consuls  of  the  U.  S.,  undertook  to  gather  infor- 
mation concerning  foreign  banking  systems.  Replies  were 
received  from  23  countries,  those  from  21  giving  in  detail 
the  information  desired.  The  following  is  a  brief  sum- 
mary of  the  foreign  methods  thus  ascertained: 

Belgium, — Kinds:  Banque  Nationale,  commercial   and 


BANKING  SYSTEMS.  [hd 

co-operative  banks,  mortgage  companies.  All  banks  ex- 
cept Banqne  Rationale  may  allow  interest;  no  legal  provi- 
sions governing  deposits;  no  official  approval  of  plan  of, 
organization;  branch  banks  permitted;  license  fee  based  on 
earnings  required  except  from  Banque  Rationale,  which  is 
taxed  on  its  circulation,  limited  to  three  times  its  coin  re- 
serve and  guaranteed  by  available  assets.  The  State  is  not 
a  shareholder  in  any  bank.  Annual  statements  required  of 
some  banks;  monthly  of  others. 

Canada. — Kinds:  Government  and  postal  savings  banksj 
commercial  banks^  mortgage  companies^  private  bankers. 
A  special  act  of  parliament,  joroof  of  contribution  of  capi- 
tal, and  treasury  bo^rd  approval  of  organization  required; 
management  by  directors;  in  nearly  all  cases  double  lia- 
bility imposed  on  shareholders  for  claims;  no  government 
examinations;  monthly  reports  and  special  ones  vdien  called 
for;  no  reserve  required;  loans  not  allowed  on  bank 
stock,  real  estate,  nor  completed  ships;  branch  banks  per- 
mitted; government  not  a  shareholder;  in  insolvency,  bank 
notes  are  first  lien  on  assets,  Dominion  and  provincial 
claims  second,  depositors  third;  in  general,  banks  issue 
circulating  notes  equal  to  paid-up  capital,  and  accumulate 
a  redemption  fund;  smallest  denomination  15. 

Chile. — Kinds:  Banks  of  issue  and  mortgage  banks. 
Compliance  with  civil  and  commercial  code  applying  to 
joint-stock  companies,  caj^ital  stock  partly  paid,  articles 
of  association  filed  with  public  officers  and  published  in 
newspapers,  and  approval  of  the  president  of  the  republic 
required;  mortgage  banks  have  managers  appointed  by 
president  of  republic;  directors  responsible  for  obligations 
contracted  in  their  time;  shareholders  liable  for  amount  of 
stock  held;  banks  of  issue  report  monthly  to  the  minister 
of  finance,  others  file  reports  annually;  branch  banks  per- 
mitted; government  not  a  shareholder;  no  taxes  for  bank- 
ing privileges;  general  insolvency  laAvs  applicable  to  alj 
banks;  circulating  notes  cannot  exceed  150  per  cent,  of 
stock,  and  are  guaranteed  by  deposit  of  securities  in  the 
mint. 

China. — Kinds:  No  incorporated  banks,  foreign  banks, 
private  banks.  Eeport  of  organization  to  local  officials  and 
their  approval  required;  government  not  a  shareholder; 
branch  banks  permitted;  interest  allowed  on  deposits;  no 
taxes  imposed  for  privileges;  no  report  of  condition  re- 


fiEj  NANKING  srSTiiJMS. 

quired;  all  banks  expected  to  aid  the  gaverument  with 
loans  and  subsidies;  circulation  unrestricted;  no  provisions 
for  redeeming  bank  notes;  government  money  deposited  in 
banks;  banks  guarantee  customers'  paper  and  issue  letters 
of  credit;  a  private  bank  in  each  province  acts  as  a  govern- 
ment treasury  and  receives  taxes. 

Denmark. — Kinds:  National  Bank  of  Copenhagen,  and 
private  and  savings  bank^^.  National  Bank  established  by 
special  act;  capital  provided  by  taxes  on  real  estate,  share- 
holders owning  stock  equal  to  their  taxes;  private  banks 
required  to  notify  public  officers  of  formation  and  file  by- 
laws; savings  banks  organize  under  a  special  act  and  by- 
laws must  be  sanctioned  by  the  king;  shareholders  (ex- 
cepting savings  banks)  liable  for  amount  of  stock  held; 
monthly  and  annual  reports  required  of  all;  the  National 
Bank  must  keep  a  cash  reserve  of  25  per  cent,  in  coin  of  its 
circulation;  deposits  received  and  interest  paid  by  all;  the 
National  Bank  alone  permitted  to  issue  national  bank  notes, 
secured  by  metal  reserve  and  other  securities. 

Ecuador. — Kinds:  Commercial  banks  and  mortgage 
companies.  Government  officials  determine  when  require- 
ments are  complied  vith;  40  per  cent,  of  capital  required 
for  starting;  shareholders  liable  for  amount  of  stock  held; 
branch  banks  permitted;  government  not  a  shareholder; 
tax  imposed  on  circulation;  matters  of  loans,  securities, 
cash  reserve,  and  surplus  fund  left  to  directors;  government 
calls  for  reports  on  condition  and  makes  examinations  when 
advisable. 

France. — Kinds:  Bank  of  France,  commercial,  provincial, 
and  colonial  banks.  The  Bank  of  France  is  chartered  by 
the  Chambers,  has  capital  of  182,500,000  fr.  ($36,500,000), 
is  managed  by  a  governor,  2  deputy  governors,  15  coun- 
cilors, and  3  inspectors,  and  makes  weekly,  semi-annual, 
and  annual  reports;  shareholders  liable  for  amount  of 
investment;  loans  restricted  to  80  per  cent,  on  government 
securities  and  75  per  cent,  on  others;  legal  reserve  fund 
10,000,000  fr.  ($2,000,000)  beside  real  estate  for  banking 
purposes;  surplus  fund  provided  for;  deposits  (smallest 
500  fr.)  payable  at  sight  without  interest  at  the  bank  or  any 
branch;  government  not  a  shareholder;  branch  banks  com- 
pulsory; banks  taxed  4  per  cent,  on  dividends  and  render 
special  services;  notes  payable  in  coin  and  redeemed  in 


BANKtMQ  SYSTEMS.  [^^' 

gold;  circulation  authorized  to  extent  of  4,000,000,000  fr. 
(1800,000,000). 

Germany. — Kinds:  Imperial  Bank,  commercial  and  cir- 
culation banks,  and  mortgage  companies.  The  Imperial 
Bank  is  organized  under  a  special  statute,  is  governed  by 
directors  under  the  chancellor  of  the  empire,  and  super- 
vised by  five  bank  curators.  The  government  shares  the 
profits  of  this  bank,  which  must  not  pay  interest  on  more 
than  its  capital  and  reserve.  Circulation  banks  organize 
under  a  special  statute,  commercial  banks  by  making  an 
entry  in  the  commercial  register,  and  mortgage  banks 
under  grants  by  the  different  States;  certification  of  com- 
pliance with  law  made  by  the  chancellor  or  federal  council 
for  banks  of  issue,  the  State  governments  for  mortgage 
companies,  and  the  commercial  court  for  commercial 
banks;  imperial  law  fixes  the  capital  of  banks  of  issue 
and  bank  btatutes  thai"  of  other  banks;  banks  of  issue  make 
weekly  and  annual  reports,  others  annual;  shareholders  of 
all  are  liable  to  full-paid  stock  held;  the  Imperial  Bank 
has  no  re.itrictions  as  to  loans,  others  have;  cash  reserve  of 
one-third  of  circulation  required;  branch  banks  permitted; 
no  tax  for  granting  bank  charter;  the  States  share  in  prof- 
its of  banks  of  issue;  insolvency  governed  by  general 
bankruptcy  law;  redemption  of  notes  secured  by  one-third 
cash  or  bullion  and  remainder  by  discounts  payable  in  three 
months,  with  at  least  two  solvent  sureties. 

Ouatemala. — Kinds:  Commercial  banks  and  banks  of 
circulation.  All  regulations  for  transaction  of  business 
must  be  filed  and  approved  by  the  government;  semi- 
annual reports  required;  government  experts  examine; 
subject  of  loans  left  to  directors;  cash  reserve  of  two- 
thirds  circulation  required  of  some  banks,  none  for  others; 
accumulation  of  surplus  fund  optional  with  directors;  in- 
terest generally  allowed  on  time  deposits;  branch  banks 
permitted;  government  not  a  shareholder;  no  tax  for 
privileges;  unlimited  amount  of  notes  of  issue  allowed, 
but  sufficient  funds  must  be  held  for  their  redemption. 

Haiti. — Kinds:  National  Bank  of  Haiti  and  private 
banks.  Special  statutes  regulate  organization  and  man- 
agement; government  not  a  shareholder;  deposits  of 
Haitian  currency  and  XJ.  S.  gold  received  Avithout  in- 
terest; branch  banks  permitted;  monthly  reports;  no  tax 
for  banking  privileges;  bank  is  fiscal  agent  of  government; 


hg]  banking  systems. 

private  bankers  pay  a  foreigner's  license;  national  bank 
only  issues  currency,  redeemed  in  U.  S.  gold. 

Hawaii. — Kinds:  Postal  savings  and  private.  A  license 
fee  and  filing  of  list  of  shareholders  required;  savings 
banks  only  pay  interest,  5  per  cent. ;  government  not  a 
shareholder;  branch  banks  permitted;  no  bank  notes  issued; 
insolvent  banks  treated  as  other  insolvents. 

Italy. — Kinds:  Banks  of  issue  only  reported  on;  require- 
ments established  by  law;  no  officer's  duty  to  determine 
compliance;  capital  must  be  currency  or  gold  ingots  held 
in  bank;  members  of  parliament  cannot  be  bank  managers; 
general  supervision  by  ministry  of  agriculture,  industry, 
and  commerce,  and  the  treasury  department;  extraordi- 
nary examinations  made  every  two  years;  Bank  of  Italy  can- 
not loan  on  its  own  shares;  real  estate  mortgages  taken  only 
for  doubtful  debts  and  disposed  of  within  three  years; 
government  not  a  shareholder;  branch  banks  permitted; 
tax  on  circulation  in  excess  of  caj^ital;  notes  redeemed  in 
currency;  security  for  circulation  currency  or  gold  ingots 
equal  to  capital. 

Netlierlands. — Kinds:  Bank  of  JS'etherlands  and  private 
banks;  royal  sanction  and  deed  of  foundation  filed  are  re- 
quired to  start;  government  not  a  shareholder,  but  shares 
in  profits  of  the  Bank  of  Netherlands,  which  alone  issues 
circulation;  branch  banks  permitted;  weekly  balances  and 
annual  reports  required;  no  provision  as  to  shareholders' 
liability. 

Paraguay. — Kinds:  Government,  commercial,  and  pri- 
vate. Formal  application  and  filing  of  articles  of  associa- 
tion required;  no  general  provisions  regarding  capital;  some 
banks  have  government  privileges  by  special  arrangement; 
annual  reports  published  and  distributed  among  share- 
holders; no  restrictions  regarding  deposits;  interest  paid 
generally;  branch  banks  permitted;  private  banks  pay  an- 
nual license  of  about  8170  in  gold;  circulating  notes  re- 
deemed through  the  custom-house. 

Peru. — Kinds:  Commercial  banks  and  loan  companies. 
Municipal  officers  determine  compliance  with  law;  govern- 
ment not  a  shareholder;  branch  banks  permitted;  share- 
holders liable  for  amount  of  investment;  tax  of  5  per  cent, 
on  net  profits;  interest  allowed;  monthly  and  semi-annual 
rejDorts. 

Porkigal. — Kinds:   Bank  of  Portugal  and  commercial 


BANKING  SYSTEMS.  [hh 

banks.  Consent  of  government  necessary  to  start;  capital 
must  be  fully  paid  in;  shareholders  liable  for  amount  of 
investment;  Bank  of  Portugal  managed  by  a  governor,  10 
directors,  and  fiscal  board  of  7;  reports  weekly,  other  banks 
monthly;  restricted  interest  allowed;  government  not  a 
shareholder;  branch  banks  permitted;  insolvent  banks  ad- 
ministered by  government  commissioner;  Bank  of  Portugal 
only  issues  circulation;  no  provision  for  redemption. 

Russia. — Kinds:  Imperial  Bank,  commercial  and  dis- 
count banks,  savings  and  co-operative  banks,  loan  and 
mortgage  companies.  Banks  are  chartered  on  certificate 
of  minister  of  finance  on  compliance  with  law;  special  re- 
quirements regarding  capital  for  each  bank;  shareholders 
elect  council  of  administration,  and  are  liable  for  amount 
of  investment;  monthly  reports  to  minister  of  finance  and 
examinations  by  public  officers;  dejDosits  limited  by  char- 
ters; interest  payments  optional;  government  not  inter- 
ested in  banks  excepting  the  Imperial,  a  part  of  the 
treasury  department;  bran  h  banks  permitted;  net  profits 
taxed  3-5  per  cent.;  Imperial  Bank  only  issues  circulation; 
notes  legally  redeemable  in  gold  and  silver,  but  this  pro- 
vision is  ignored. 

Sivitze7'land. — Kinds:  State  and  private  banks.  Banks 
of  issue  must  have  at  least  500,000  fr.  ($100,000)  in  paid- 
up  capital,  and  may  receive  deposits  and  pay  interest; 
general  government  not  a  shareholder;  but  some  cantons 
are;  tax  of  one  per  cent,  on  average  circulation;  cantons 
may  tax  up  to  6  per  cent. ;  banks  may  issue  notes  to  double 
amount  of  capital  on  consent  of  Federal  Council;  the 
Federal  treasury  redeems  notes  of  retired  banks. 

Turkey. — Kinds:  Imperial  Ottoman  Bank,  private 
banks,  and  limited  liability  compaiiies.  Imperial  Bank 
under  nominal  supervision  of  imperial  commissioner;  im- 
perial firman  required  for  limited  liability  companies,  and 
government  passes  on  organization  proceedings;  caj^ital, 
management  and  shareholders'  liability  fixed  by  the 
statutes  of  the  bank;  no  reports  required;  no  provisions 
for  examining  banks  other  than  the  Imperial;  branch  banks 
allowed;  reserve  determined  by  the  statutes  in  each  case; 
government  not  a  shareholder;  interest  allowed;  Imi^erial 
Bank  only  issues  notes,  for  which  it  pays  a  tax,  and  must 
hold  a  reserve  in  cash  of  33  per  cent,  of  the  value  oX 
the  notes. 


in]  BANKS  AND  BANKING. 

United  Kingdom. — Kinds:  Bank  of  England  (q.  v.), 
joint-stocky  postal  savings^  and  private  banks.  Regula- 
tions for  organization  in  special  statutes.  On  Jan.  2, 
1895,  there  were  104  joint-stock  banks  in  England  and 
AVales,  with  £43,862,887  (1216,373,632)  capital  and  2,468 
branches;  10  in  Scotland,  with  995  branches;  9  in  Ireland, 
with  484  branches;  and  32  in  the  colonies,  with  1,733 
branches.  There  y/ere  24  banks  incorporated  in  England 
boing  business  in  foreign  countries.  The  joint-stock 
banks  in  the  United  Kingdom  had  a  total  capital  and  re- 
serve of  £123,910,000  ($602,202,600)  and  total  deposits  of 
£647,391,000  ($3,146,320,260). 

Uruguay. — Kinds:  Private  banks  (national  bank  now  in- 
solvent). Banks  file  statutes  declaring  amount  of  capital 
and  providing  for  management,  passed  on  by  government 
and  attorney-general;  branch  banks  permitted;  banks  of 
circulation  taxed  $2,000  per  annum,  others  $1,000,  and  all 
banks  $6.50  per  annum  on  each  $1,000  of  declared 
capital;  circulation  restricted  to  double  amount  of  capital 
'(limited  1895  to  two  banks);  circulating  notes  redeemable  in 
gold;  government  was  shareholder  in  insolvent  national 
bank;  circulating  notes  of  insolvent  banks  are  preferred 
claims. 

Venezuela. — Kinds:  Commercial  banks,  circulation 
banks,  and  mortgage  companies.  Banks  pay  license  fee 
and  file  deed  and  rules;  examinations  by  government  in- 
spector; government  not  a  shareholder;  cash  reserve  of  25 
per  cent,  of  capital  of  circulation  banks  and  mortgage 
companies  required;  interest  usually  allowed;  branch  banks 
permitted;  quarterly  reports;  circulation  must  not  exceed 
50  per  cent,  of  capital;  notes  "redeemed  in  currency  by 
the  banks;  insolvent  banks  liquidated  by  the  government. 

BANKS  AND  BANKING-.  The  annual  report  of  the 
U.  S.  comptroller  of  the  currency  covers  the  year  ending 
Oct.  31,  1895.  On  that  day  there  were  3,715  national 
banks  in  operation,  having  a  combined  authorized  capital 
of  $664,136,915,  held  by  285,190  shareholders.  The  banks 
had  circulating  notes  outstanding  aggregating  $213,887,- 
630,  of  which  $190,180,961  was  secured  by  U.  S.  bonds, 
and  $23,706,669  by  lawful  money  deposited  with  the  treas- 
urer of  the  U.  S.,  and  the  gross  increase  in  circulation  in 
the  year  was  $6,322,540.     Of  total  resources  of  $3,423,629,- 


BANKS  AND  BANKING.  [ij 

343.63,  loans  and  disconnts  were  credited  with  12,059,408,- 
402.27,  and  money  of  all  kinds  in  hand  $356,577,580.61. 
Liabilities  were  represented  by  individual  deposits  11,701,- 
653,521.28,  surplus  and  undivided  profits  $336,888,350.86, 
and  secured  outstanding  circulation  1182,481,610.50.  Dur- 
ing the  year  43  banks  were  organized,  with  aggregate  capi- 
tal $4,890,000;  the  corporate  existence  of  71  banks  with 
capital  $10,262,000  was  extended;  4  banks  with  capital 
$300,000  retired  on  expiration  of  their  corporate  existence; 
51  banks  with  capital  $6,093,100  went  into  voluntary 
liquidation;  receivers  were  appointed  for  36  banks;  and 
$3,380,552.65  was  paid  to  creditors  of  failed  banks,  against 
$5,124,577.94  in  the  previous  year. 

On  June  30,  1895,  there  were  5,066  banks  incorporated 
under  state  authority  and  in  active  operation,  of  which 
3,774  were  banks  of  circulation,  1,017  mutual  and  stock 
banks  for  savings,  and  242  loan  and  trust  corporations. 
The  state  banks  of  circulation  had  a  combined  capital  of 
$250,341,295;  deposits  $712,410,423;  loans  $697,688,068; 
bonds  and  stocks  $91,988,696,  and  resources  $1,147,545,818. 
The  business  of  the  year  showed  an  increase  in  deposits  of 
about  $54,000,000,  inloans  $26,000,000,  in  bonds  and  stocks 
$7,000,000,  and  in  resources  $70,000,000.  Of  the  savings 
banks  664  were  mutual  and  353  stock  associations.  Except- 
ing 10  banks  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Wisconsin,  the  mutual 
banks  were  confined  to  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 
The  loans  of  the  mutual  banks  ago-regated  $823,036,954; 
bonds  and  stocks  $801,044,935;  deposits  $1,597,343,160, 
and  resources  $1,756,740,953;  and  the  totals  of  all  savings 
banks  were:  Loans  $1,035,597,142;  bonds  and  stocks 
$841,807,699;  deposits  subject  to  check  $33,760,775;  sav- 
ings deposits  $1,810,597,023;  and  resources  $2,053,764,328. 
The  business  of  the  year  showed  the  following  increases: 
Loans  $8,659,334;  bonds  and  stocks  $63,219,833;  deposits 
$66,424,556;  and  resources  $73,020,139.  The  average  in- 
terest paid  was  a  trifle  less  than  4  per  cent.,  and  the  average 
amount  due  each  depositor  w^as  $371.36.  The  loan  and  trust 
companies  had  capital  $108,963,905;  loans  $433,508,516; 
bonds  and  stocks  $177,086,555;  deposits  $546,652,657;  and 
resources  $807,063,041.  The  private  banks  reported  com- 
bined capital  $33,281,845;  deposits  $81,824,932;  loans 
$85,489,066;  bonds  and  stocks  $7,276,159;  and  resources 
$130,617,342. 


U]  BAPTISTS. 

The  following  table  is  a  summary  of  all  the  banks  above 
considered: 


Items. 


Loans 

U.  S.  bonds 

Other  bonds,  etc. . 

Capital 

Surplus  and  profit 

Deposits 

Resources 


National  Banks 


$2,059,408,402 
2:^,801,115 
211,497,195 
657.135,499 
336.888,351 
1,715,194,860 
3,423,629,344 


All  Other  Banks 


$2,252,282,792 
165,185,702 
952,973,407 
422,052,618 
370,397,003 
3,185.245,810 
4,138,990.529 


Total. 


$4,311,691. 

399,986. 
1,164,470, 
1,079,188, 

707,285, 
4,900.440. 
7,562,619, 


The  U.  S.  government  actuary  estimated  the  population 
on  June  1,  1895,  at  69,954,000.  The  total  banking  funds 
of  the  country  aggregated  16,703,544,084,  which  would 
give  a  per  capita  rate  of  195.83. 

BAPTISTS.  The  American_  Baptist  Year  Book  for 
1895  reports  27,091  ordained  ministers;  37,910  churches, 
with  3,637,421  members,  and  church  propertv  valued  at 
$80,285,034;  22,016  Sunday  schools,  with  152,^767  officers 
and  teachers,  and  1,500,834  pupils.  The  current  expenses 
of  the  churches  were  $8,046,668;  benevolent  contributions 
$3,626,023.  New  churches  organized  during  the  year 
numbered  790;  buildings  dedicated  273,  of  which  122  re- 
port values  aggregating  $1,257^990.  There  were  7  theo- 
logical seminaries,  with  67  instructors,  and  937  pupils,  and 
property  valued  at  $3,514,103;  35  universities  and  colleges, 
with  722  instructors,  9,385  pupils,  and  property  valued  at 
$19,370,888;  27  seminaries  for  female  education  exclusive- 
ly, with  411  instructors,  3,433  pupils,  and  propert  y valued 
at  13,780,049;  56  seminaries  and  academies,  male  and  co- 
educating,  with  397  instructors,  12,774  pupils,  and  proper- 
ty valued  at  $3,845,146;  34  institutions  for  colored  race 
and  Itidians,  with  259  instructors,  4,808  pupils,  and  prop- 
erty valued  at  $1,417,438.  There  are  29  charitable  insti- 
tutions in  18  states  and  territories,  with  property  valued  at 
$1,526,721. 

The  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  reported  the 
issue  of  49  publications  of  which  737,000  copies  had  been 
printed;  18  periodicals  for  Sunday  schools;  sales  and  re- 
ceipts for  merchandise  and  periodicals  w^ere  $497,807.48, 
in  the  different  houses,  of  which  that  in  Philadelphia  was  the 


BAPTISTS.  [IB 

most  important,  the  others  standing  in  the  following  order 
of  importance:  Chicago,  Boston,  8t.  Lonis,  New  York, 
Atlanta,  Dallas.  The  assets  of  the  society  after  new  ap- 
praisement amonnted  to  1012,893,  liabilities  120,831.  The 
missionary  dejiartment  of  the  society  reported  receipts  of 
1127,649,  of  which  $49,768  ^vas  contribnted  by  chnrches, 
Sunday  schools,  and  individuals;  it  had  maintained  tw^o 
chapel  cars  continuously  at  work  in  the  West,  and  a  third 
car  was  dedicated  in  May.  The  number  of  missionaries 
and  workers  w^as  116;  days  of  service  26,116;  miles  traveled 
512,548;  books  sold,  28,878,  and  given  away,  1,786;-  pages 
of  tracts  distributed,  566,744;  sermons  and  addresses,  18,- 
927;  prayer  meetings  held  5,837;  churches  constituted  48; 
Sunday  schools  organized  285.  The  Bible  dejoartment  re- 
ceived 129,297  from  various  sources. 

The  American  Baptist  Education  Society  received  dur- 
ing the  year  from  dilferent  sources  153,366,  and  paid 
to  different  educational  institutions,  to  aid  in  their  endow- 
ment $48,017,  and  for  other  purposes  over  $5,000  more. 

The  Baptist  Young  People's  Union  of  America,  organ- 
ized in  1891,  issues  a  weekly  religious  paper.  It  held  its 
annual  convention  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  July  18-21,  1895. 

The  Free  Baptist  Churches  were  reported  in  1*895  as  hav- 
ing 1,323  ordained  ministers;  1,550  church  organizations, 
with  85,563  members,  and  church  property  valued  at  $2,- 
662,120;  benevolent  contributions:  Foreign  missions  $20,- 
099,  home  missions  18,115,  education  $2,625,  Woman's 
Mission  Society  $22,248.  The  total  receipts  of  the  Educa- 
tion Society  for  the  year  were  $3,419,  and  the  invested 
funds  amounted  to  $8,665,  with  liabilities  of  $5,000.  The 
denomination  had  1  theological  seminary,  and  12  colleges 
and  seminaries,  with  1,234  students,  of  Avhom  69  were  pre- 
paring for  the  ministry.  There  were  maintained  32  mis- 
sionaries in  India,  who  reported  818  members,  and  51  bap- 
tisms during  the  year,  a  native  Christian  community  of 
1,522  persons,  2,714  pupils  in  Sunday  schools,  and  3,199 
in  day  and  other  schools. 

Tlie  Baptist  Union  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  re- 
ported in  1895  33  associations  and  4  colleges;  chapels  3,- 
793;  churches,  2,871;  chapel-seats,  1,264,017;  members, 
349,688;  local  preachers,  4,643;  pastors  in  charge,  1,913; 
baptisms,  17,626;  Sunday  school  teachers,  49,009;  pupils, 
506,094. 


or        K 
Calif  o?^^^ 
ic]  BAB  ASSOCIATION. 

BAE  ASSOCIATION,  Americans',  organized  in  1878, 
for  the  purpose  of  advancing  the  science  of  jurisprudence, 
promoting  the  administration  of  justice  and  uniformity  of 
legislation  throughout  the  Union,  upholding  the  honor  of 
the  profession  of  the  law,  and  encouraging  cordial  inter- 
course among  the  members  of  the  Bar.  Its  membership  in 
1895  was  about  1,200;  annual  meeting  at  Detroit,  Mich., 
Aug.  28-30,  1895.  President,  James  C.  Carter,  New 
York;  a  vice-president  from  each  state;  secretary,  John 
Hinkley,  215  N.  Charles  St.,  Baltimore;  treasurer,  Francis 
Kawie,  Philadelphia;  executive  committee  the  officers 
named  and  Thomas  M.  Cooley,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. ;  George 
A.  Mercer,  Savannah;  Alfred  Hemenway,  Boston;  and 
Bradley  Gr.  Schley,  Milwaukee. 

BARATIERI,  Oreste,  military  officer:  b.  at  Condino, 
Austrian  Tyrol,  Nov.  13, 1841.  He  was  educated  in  Austria 
and  at  the  University  of  Pavia;  joined  Garibaldi^s  volun- 
teers and  landed  with  the  Thousand  at  Marsala  1859;  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  that  campaign  and  afterward  entered 
the  Italian  army  as  captain;  received  the  medal  for  military 
valor  in  the  campaign  of  1866;  edited  The  Military  Review; 
was  promoted  major  1876;  and  first  went  to  Abyssinia  as 
colonel  1886.  There  he  organized  an  effective  native  army 
under  Italian  officers.  For  his  successful  administration  he 
was  commissioned  a  general  and  a23pointed  governor  of  the 
province  of  Erythrea  1893.  Since  then  he  has  been  almost 
constantly  engaged  in  warfare  vfith  the  dervishes.  In  1894 
he  captured  Kassala,  suppressed  the  treason  of  Ras  Man- 
gaslia  in  a  battle  at  Adi  Sadi,  defeated  Batha  Agos  and 
Menelik,  and  placed  Italy  in  complete  control  of  Abyssinia. 
He  was  given  a  grand  reception  in  Rome  in  July,  1895. 
In  Dec.  following,  14  Italian  officers  and  700  men  were 
killed  in  a  surprise  by  25,000  natives,  believed  to  have  been 
an  act  of  treachery  on  the  part  of  Ras  Makonnen,  who  had 
made  overtures  for  peace;  and  at  the  time  of  writing  Gen. 
Baratieri  was  concentrating  his  forces  at  Makalle,  whither 
reinforcements  from  Italy  were  being  hastened.  See  Abys- 
sij^ia;  Italy. 

BARCELONA,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia; also  cap.  and  seaport  of  the  same;  first  city  in  Spain 
in  importance  of  manufactures  and  second  in  commercial 
interests;   pop.  (1887)  province  899,264;  city  272,481,     In 


BARING  ESTATE.  [id 

the  quarter  ending  June  30^  1895,  the  exports  declared 
here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value  $282,789.11,  the 
principal  articles  being,  in  order  of  value,  corks,  tartar, 
glycerine,  licorice,  skins,  almonds,  and  wine.  XJ.  S.  Consul 
Bowen  reported  June  12,  1895,  that  the  industry  of  marble 
sawing  was  being  rapidly  developed;  that  the  city  was  pro- 
ducing more  than  the  local  demand  of  bricks,  common  and 
painted  tiles  and  floor  mosaics;  that  fancy  glass  and  stained 
windows,  equal  to  the  best  from  Italy  and  France,  were 
being  manufactured;  and  that  looking-glasses  were  being 
made,  but  were  inferior  to  those  of  the  U.  S. 

BARING  ESTATE.  The  liquidation  of  this  estate  hav- 
ing continued  about  four  years,  was  finally  closed  Nov.  21, 
1894,  when  a  syndicate  was  formed  to  which  were  trans- 
ferred by  the  Bank  of  England  all  the  remaining  securi- 
ties, valued  at  about  £2,000,000,  and  which  thereupon  re- 
lieved the  guarantors  of  all  further  responsibility. 

BAELOW,  Jai^e,  Irish  author:  she  published  in  1894 
a  story  entitled  Kerrigan's  Quality,  giving  characteristic 
delineations  of  Irish  character.  She  also  contributed  in 
1894-95  several  short  stories  and  sketches  to  English 
magazines,  and  published  in  1895  a  volume  of  poems  en- 
titled Bogland  Studies,  and  another  entitled  Strangers  at 
Lisconnel. 

BARMEN,  town  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  Germany;  princi- 
pal seat  of  ribbon  manufacturing  on  the  continent;  pop. 
(1890)  116,248.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$1,644,302.97,  an  increase  of  $663,274.55  over  the  total 
for  the  corresponding,  quarter  1894.  The  principal  arti- 
cles, in  order  of  value,  were  silk,  silk  goods,  velvets,  rib- 
bons, braids,  etc.  ($322,871.60);  ironware,  steel,  cutlery,, 
etc.  ($311,699.19);  dyes,  drugs,  chemicals,  etc.  ($254,908.- 
78);  and  hat  bands  and  ribbons  ($226,911.07). 

BARNARD  COLLEGE,  New  York  City:  a  college  for 
women,  organized  in  affiliation  with  Columbia  College  in 
1889.  Columbia  College  makes  itself  responsible  for  the 
instruction  given  in  Barnard,  and  for  its  standards  of  edu- 
cation, the  president  of  Columbia  being  authorized  to  per- 
mit at  his  discretion  professors  and  otlior  instructors  of 
Columbia  to  teach  at  Barnard;  and  Columbia  College  giv- 
ing her  degrees  to  Barnard  students  who  meet  the  req^uire- 


IE]  BABNABDO'S  HOMES. 

ments,  which  are  as  nearly  as  possible  identical  with  those 
of  Columbia.  The  undergraduate  curriculum  is  in  effect 
identical  with  that  of  Columbia  for  three  years,  though 
there  are  some  limitations  in  the  senior  and  post-graduate 
studies.  In  1895  there  were  72  undergraduates  and  22 
graduate  students.  The  post-graduate  study  includes  92 
courses,  and  looks  to  the  degrees  of  :m.a.  and  ph.d.  In 
Jan.,  1894,  Miss  Ella  Weed,  acting  dean  of  the  college, 
died,  and  May  11  following  the  trustees  elected  as  dean 
Miss  Emily  James  Smith,  then  a  fellow  of  Chicago  Uni- 
versity. In  Jan.,  1895,  the  New  York  City  chapter  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  Revolution  resolved  to  endow  a  professor- 
ship of  colonial  and  revolutionary  history  at  Barnard,  and 
until  the  endowment  was  completed  to  raise  each  year  a 
sufficient  sum  to  sustain  a  lecturship  on  that  period.  In 
1894  1100,000  was  given  to  the  college  for  a  building  upon 
condition  that  it  should  be  within  1,000  ft.  of  Columbia 
College.  June  28,  1895,  the  college  secured  and  partly 
paid  for  a  site  for  building  on  the  Avest  side  of  the  Boule- 
vard between  119th  and  120th  Sts.,  and  in  Dec,  1895, 
the  treasurer  reported  that  during  the  year  ^250,000  had 
been  raised  for  all  purposes;  but  that  for  building,  scholar- 
ships, and  current  expenses  1500,000  should  be  raised  in 
the  coming  year. 

BARXARDO'S  HOMES,  a  group  of  refuges  for  orphan 
and  waif  children,  begun  in  1866  by  Dr.  Barnardo,  then 
a  medical  student  in  the  London  Hospital.  They  included 
in  1895  fifty-one  distinct  institutions,  of  which  36  are  in 
London,  1  on  the  island  of  Jersey,  9  in  the  English  coun- 
ties, 1  in  Scotland,  and  3  in  Canada.  One  of  the  most 
typical  is  that  in  the  village  of  Ilford,  Essex,  which  in- 
cludes 52  detached  cottages,  and  is  solely  devoted  to  the 
bringing  up  of  girls  on  the  family  system.  Boys  also  are 
reared  in  branch  homes,  or  boarded  out  in  rural  districts 
under  supervision.  Industrial  training  is  a  feature  in  the 
homes,  and  at  Stepney  Causeway  there  are  shops  in  which 
14  different  trades  are  taught  to  older  boys.  There  is  also 
an  emigration  agency  connected  with  the  homes,  which 
sends  each  year  about  500  selected  inmates  to  Canada  and 
other  British  colonies;  there  being  two  distributing  homes 
in  Ontario,  and  an  industrial  farm  of  10,000  acres  in  Mani- 
toba,    There  were  in  the  English  homes  in  1895  abo^.it 


BAUING-OOVLD.  [if 

5,000  boys  and  girls;  more  than  7,000  have  been  sent  to 
the  colonies  since  the  work  began,  of  whom  98  per  cent, 
have  proved  successful;  and  in  all  more  than  24,000  chil- 
dren of  all  ages  have  been  cared  for.  Head  Offices,  18  to  26 
Stepney  Causeway,  London,  E. 

BARING-GOULD,  Sabi:he,  clergyman  and  author:  b. 
in  Exeter,  Eng.,  in  1834.  In  1894  he  published  Book  of 
Eairy  Tales,  Cheap  Jack  Zita,  Deserts  of  Southern  France 
(2  vols.),  Kitty  Aline,  The  Queen  of  Love,  and  Mrs.  Cur- 
genven  of  Curgenven;  and  in  1895,  Grettir  the  Outlaw,  a 
Story  of  Iceland;  and  A  Book  of  Nursery  Songs  and 
Rhymes. 

BARNATO  (real  name  ISAACS),  Berjs^akd,  promoter 
of  the  great  Kaffir  boom:  b.  in  London,  England,  of 
Hebrew  parents.  Of  his  age  and  early  antecedents  but 
little  are  known.  It  is  said  that  his  first  occupation  was 
that  of  an  acrobat,  contortionist,  and  sidewalk  juggler,  and 
that  subsequently  he  was  attached  to  a  circus  and  spent 
some  time  on  the  dramatic  stage.  Since  1873,  however, 
his  record  reads  like  a  thrilling,  old-time  romance,  full  of 
remarkable  deeds,  leading  to  the  possession  of  fabulous 
wealth  and  the  conduct  of  financial  operations  far  surpass- 
ing those  of  the  memorable  South  Sea  Bubble.  He  went 
to  the  Kimberley  diamond  mines.  South  Africa,  in  1873; 
bought  his  first  claim  1876;  owned  four  claims  and  floated 
them  into  his  first  company  1881;  bought  the  Stewart 
ground  1884;  and  practically  owned  two-thirds  of  the 
diamond  mines  1885.  Among  his  fortunate  '^finds''' was 
Cecil  J.  Rhodes,  the  present  (1895)  premier  of  Cape  Colony, 
with  whom  it  is  believed  he  established  a  partnership.  In 
1886  gold  was  discovered  300  m.  n.  of  Kimberley,  in  the 
"VVitwatersrand  district  of  the  Transvaal,  on  the  site  of  the 
city  of  Johannesburg.  Barnato,  by  various  schemes,  secured 
possession  of  the  greater  part  of  the  region,  and  began  his 
career  as  a  promoter  of  mining  stocks  1890.  A  second 
boom  was  started  1892,  and  London,  Paris  and  Berlin 
caught  the  fever  in  turn.  By  1895,  Johannesburg  had 
developed  into  a  city  of  70,000  population,  Avith  all  essential 
metropolitan  advantages.  The  Burnato  mining  region  had 
proved  to  be  the  richest  in  South  Africa,  the  gold  produc- 
tion 1894  giving  the  Transvaal  third  place  on  the  list  of 
gold  countries.     From  1887  till  Jan,  1,  1895,  these  mines 


1g]  bare. 

yielded  10,110^000  tons  of  ore  and  6,544,584  oz.  of  gold, 
Valued  at  $110,000,000,  and  the  stock  dividends  paid 
aggregated  $23,000,000.  Another  boom  in  Kaffirs,  or 
shares  in  the  various  corporations  that  Barnato  has  pro- 
moted to  work  these  mines,  developed  1895,  especially  in 
London,  and  created  more  excitement  than  previous  ones. 
Barnato  took  up  his  residence  in  London,  was  reported  to 
be  the  richest  man  in  the  world  and  credited  with  being 
worth  $100,000,000,  lived  like  a  Croesus,  and  was  courted 
by  adventurers  and  financiers  alike.  AVhen,  during  the 
summer,  an  attack  was  made  on  the  Kaffir  stocks,  he  threw 
many  millions  of  dollars  into  the  market,  supporting  the 
boom,  and  doubtless  averting  for  a  time  an  inevitable  finan- 
cial crash.  For  this  act  he  was  given  a  grand  banquet  at 
the  Mansion  House  by  the  Lord  Mayor,  who  was  severely 
rebuked  for  extending  this  exceptional  honor. 

BARE,  Amelia  Edith,  author:  b.  in  XJlverton,  Lanca- 
shire, Eng.,  March  29,  1831.  In  1894  she  published  The 
Lone  House,  and  The  Beads  of  Tasmer;  and  in  1895  The 
Mate  of  the  Easter  Bell  and  Other  Stories,  a  volume 
entitled  Short  Stories,  and  Bernicia;  and  has  contributed 
to  the  Century  Magazine  for  1896  a  serial  on  Life  in  the 
Hebrides. 

BARRIE,  James  Matthew,  author:  b.  at  Kerriemuir, 
Forfarshire,  Scotland,  May  9,  1860.  July  9,  1894,  he  was 
married  at  Kerriemuir  to  Miss  Mary  Ansell,  who  had  acted 
a  part  in  his  play,  ^'^  Walker,  London,"^  in  1892.  The 
same  year  his  play.  The  Professor's  Love  Story,  was  pro- 
duced in  England  and  in  the  United  States.  He  published 
in  1894  a  story  entitled  Better  Dead.  He  has  contributed 
to  Scribner's  Magazine  for  1896  a  novel  entitled  Sentimental 
Tommy,  said  to  have  been  written  at  Kerriemuir 
(''Thrums"),  and  like  his  earlier  books  with  the  Clyde  and 
its  scenery  for  the  background. 

BARROWS,  JoHX  Hexry,  d.d.,  clergvman:  b.  at 
Medina,  Mich.,  July  11,  1847.  He  edited  in''l894  the  re- 
port of  the  World's  Parliament  of  Religions,  of  which  in 
1893  he  had  been  the  principal  organizer  and  promoter; 
and  in  1895  he  resigned  the  charge  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  Chicago,  in  order  to  visit  the  principal 
universities  in  India,  and  there  deliver,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  University  of  Chicago,  a  course  of  lectures  O''" 


Christianity.  His  plan  is  first  to  spend  ten  months  in 
theological  and  literary  preparation  at  Gottingen,  Germany; 
after  which  he  hopes  to  strengthen  the  fonndations  upon 
which  Hinduism  and  Hindu  social  life  may  be  recon- 
structed. 

BARRY,  JoHK  Wolfe,  c.b.,  civil  engineer:  b.  in  Scot- 
land in  1830.  His  most  distinguished  work  has  been  the 
new  Tower  Bridge  in  London,  completed  in  1894  at  a  cost 
of  £30,000,000.  He  was  associated  as  engineer  in  this  work 
with  Sir  Horace  Jones,  who  had  charge  of  the  architecture. 
The  bridge  was  inaugurated  with  grand  celebration  by  the 
Prince  of  AVales,  June  30,  1894,  on  which  occasion  Mr. 
Barry  was  decorated  with  the  order  of  the  Bath. 

BARTHELEMY  SAI^^T-HILAIRE,  Jules,  politician 
and  author:  b.  in  Paris,  France,  Aug.  19,  1805;  died  there 
Nov.  24,  1895.  He  worked  with  enthusiasm  and  youthful 
energy  almost  to  the  time  of  his  death;  being  engaged  in 
1893-95  upon  a  biography  of  Cousin  (3  vols.,  1895),  and  in 
commenting  upon  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle  and  perfect- 
ing his  translation,  which  is  considered  the  standard 
French  translation  of  the  works  of  that  philosopher. 

BARTHOLDI,  Frederic  Auguste,  sculptor:  b.  in  Col- 
mar,  Alsace,  April  2,  1834.  In  1895  he  finished  a  bronze 
group  representing  Lafayette  and  Washington,  which  was 
unveiled  in  Paris,  in  the  Rue  Etats  ITnis,  I)ec.  1.  It  was 
formally  accepted  for  the  city  by  M.  Bompard,  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  municipal  council,  and  an  address  was  delivered 
by  Mr.  Morss,  consul-general  of  tlie  United  States. 

BARTHOLDI  CRECHE,  RandalFs  Island,  East  River, 
opposite  120th  Street,  New  York,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  ferry.  It  is  intended  to  secure  the  benefits  of 
fresh  air  for  poor  mothers  and  infants  who  cannot  leave 
their  city  homes  to  stay  over  night  at  any  more  distant  re- 
sorts. During  the  season  of  1895,  11,767  mothers  and 
children  received  the  benefits  of  the  Creche;  finding  a 
trained  nurse  and  helpers  in  constant  attendance,  and  be- 
ing provided  with  tea  and  pure  milk,  while  cots  and  ham- 
mocks afforded,  necessary  rest,  and  the  green  fields  and 
shade  trees  offered  a  pleasant  resort.  Free  tickets  were 
supplied  to  dispensaries,  societies,  churches,  and  individual 
subscribers  for  distribution.  The  cost  of  the  charity  in  1895 
was  $1,183.59;  contributions  received  1922.30.     The  sec- 


tl]  BARTOL. 

retary  and  treasurer  is  Cliarles  D.  Kellogg,  of  the  Charity 
Organization  Society,  105  East  22cl  Street,  New  York. 

BARTOL,  Cyrus  Augustus,  d.d.,  clergyman  and 
author:  b.  in  Freeport,  Me.,  Aj^ril  30,  1813. "^  He  cele- 
brated his  eighty-first  birthday  in  1894,  showing  full 
brightness  and  vigor  of  mind  and  body. 

BARTON,  Clara,  philanthropist:  b.  in  Oxford,  Mass., 
about  1830.  In  May,  1894,  the  mayor  of  Beaufort, 
S.  C,  the  commandant  of  the  U.  S.  naval  station  at 
Port  Royal,  and  a  number  of  prominent  citizens  of 
the  region,  united  in  addressing  to  her  a  public  let- 
ter of  thanks  for  her  work,  and  that  of  the  Red  Cross 
Society,  of  which  she  was  president,  in  the  relief  of 
many  thousands  of  persons  in  the  Sea  Islands  and  their 
vicinity  who  suffered  in  Aug.,  1893,  from  storms  and 
tidal  waves.  In  1895  she  resided  in  AVashington,  D.  C, 
her  expenses,  and  those  of  the  American  Branch  of  the 
Red  Cross  Society,  which  is  handsomely  housed  in  a  man- 
sion once  the  headquarters  of  Gen.  Grant,  being  defrayed 
from  her  own  private  fortune.  In  Dec,  1895,  she  issued 
from  the  national  headquarters  the  statement  that  the  Red 
Cross  Society  of  America,  in  answer  to  many  and  urgent 
appeals,  would  undertake  to  relieve  the  starving  Armenians 
in  Asia  Minor;  for  which  purpose  funds,  goods,  grain 
and  other  material,  might  be  donated  to  Miss  Barton,  who 
had  determined  to  go  in  person  to  Armenia  and  control 
their  disbursement.  During  1895  a  pamphlet  history  of 
her  work  in  the  society  was  published  by  Miss  Laura*^  M. 
Doolittle. 

BASEL,  UxiYERSiTY  OF,  Basel,  Sv/itzerland;  founded  in 
1459.  It  included  in  1894  the  faculties  of  theology,  laAv, 
medicine,  and  ^^hilosophy;  with  85  instructors,  and  442 
matriculated  students,  besides  those  not  matriculated  but 
attending  lectures;  vols,  in  library  160,000,  and  4,000 
valuable  manuscripts. 

BASLE,  Bx\SEL,  or  BALE,  canton  in  Switzerland;  also 
one  of  the  most  important  cities  in  the  confederation;  pop. 
(1888)  canton  135,690;  city  73,749.  In  the  quarter  end- 
ing June  30,  1895,  the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S. 
aggregated  in  value  8840,225.16,  an  increase  of  1340,242.28 
over  the  total  for  the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  The 
principal  articles,  in  order  of  value,  were  hides  and  skins 


BATES  COLLEQF..  [aj.t 

('S231,G64.57);  watches  and  watch  materials  (-$214,297.66); 
silk  and  mixed  ribbons;  aniline  colors — spun  waste  silk; 
dyestuffs  and  chemicals;  cheese — and  knit  goods. 

BATES  COLLEGE,  Lewiston,  Me.;  organized  in  18G4. 
Instructors  at  the  close  of  1895,  ?;  pupils,  218;  graduates 
since  organization,  538  men  and  73  women;  vols,  in  college 
library,  12,128;  in  society  libraries,  1,600.  There  were  in 
1895  ten  state  scholarships,  paying  the  tuition  of  10  students 
nominated  by  the  governor  of  the  state,  preferably  from 
the  children  of  those  who  have  borne  arms  in  defense  of 
their  country;  and  these  were  35  other  scholarships,  of 
$1,000  each,  which  secured  free  tuition  to  their  elected  be- 
neficiaries. Students  j^reparing  for  the  ministry  also  re- 
ceived aid.  Prizes  amounting  to  $230  were  awaided  in 
1895  to  13  students  for  excellence  in  general  scholarship, 
declamation,  English  composition,  and  public  debate. 
President  George  Colby  Chase,  D.D.,  ll.d. 

The  college  is  in  affiliation  with  the  Latin  School  of 
Preparation  at  Lewiston,  and  with  Cobb  Divinity  School 
{q.V.). 

BATO:Nr  ROUGE,  city,  cap.  of  East  Baton  Rouge  par- 
ish and  of  the  State  of  La.:  pop.  (1890)  10,478;  (1895) 
est.  12,500.  In  1894  it  had  an  assessed  valuation  of,  real 
11,600,000,  personal  1400,000— total,  12,000,000,  and  on 
April  1,  1895,  a  total  debt  of  $34,800,  comprising  a  bal- 
ance of  capitol  loan  $13,200,  due  Jan.  1,  1900,  but  subject 
to  prior  call,  and  a  floating  debt  of  $21,600.  In  1895  it 
had  a  national  bank  (cap.  $100,000),  a  state  bank  (cap. 
$50,000),  and  a  savings  bank  (cap.  $10,850),  and  2  daily 
and  4  weekly  newspapers. 

BATOUM,  city  and  important  seaport  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
on  the  s.e.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea:  pop.  (1891)  19,891.  It 
is  the  maritime  sliipping  point  for  all  the  petroleum  prod- 
ucts of  the  Baku  oil  region,  as  well  as  of  the  entire 
Caucasus  field,  and,  though  not  engaged  in  refining  oil,  it 
has  many  flourishing  branches  of  work  dependent  on  the 
oil  industry.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$189,248.28,  a  decrease  of  $172,979.23  from  the  total  for 
the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  The  principal  articles 
were  manganese  ore  and  licorice.     See  Baku. 


aja]  battle  creek. 

BATTLE  CREEK,  city,  Calhoun  co.,  Mich.;  pop. 
(1890)  13,197;  (1894)  State  census,  15,522.  In  1894  it 
had  a  total  debt  of  $129,000,  of  which  $100,000  was  the 
balance  of  debt  on  the  new  water  system,  supplied  from 
Goguac  lake.  In  1895  there  were  a  national  bank  (cap. 
1150,000),  a  state  bank  (cap.  $50,000),  a  savings  bank 
(cap.  $25,000),  an  active  board  of  trade.  Battle  Creek  Col- 
lege and  large  publishing  plant  (Seventh-day  Adventists), 
medical  and  surgical  sanitarium,  Haskell  Home  for  Or- 
phans, James  White  Memorial  Home  (two  buildings), 
Nichols  Memorial  Hospital,  high  school  and  7  ward  schools, 
St.  Philips  parochial  school,  large  engine  and  agricultural 
implement  works,  several  flour  mills,  and  2  daily,  7  weekly, 
and  6  monthly  periodicals. 

BAVARIA,  a  kingdom  included  in  the  German  Empire 
since  1871:  King,  Otto  Wilhelm  Luitpold,  b.  April  27, 
1848,  but  without  rule  because  insane,  the  regent  being  his 
uncle.  Prince  Luitpold,  b.  March  12,  1821;  appointed  re- 
gent June  10,  1886.  During  the  session  of  the  Bavarian 
Diet,  May  18,  1894,  protests  were  heard  against  increased 
contributions  of  Bavaria  to  the  empire.  To  these  the 
minister  of  finance.  Baron  von  Riedel  replied  that  he  would 
as  far  as  possible  protect  the  country  against  needless  bur- 
dens, but  they  would  not  fail  to  contribute  their  share  of 
what  was  necessary  to  uphold  and  defend  the  honor  and 
security  of  the  Fatherland.  It  was  reported  in  a  Berlin 
paper  of  the  same  date  that  the  upper  house  of  the  Bava- 
rian Diet,  after  two  secret  sittings,  had  agreed  to  place  the 
insane  King  Otto  under  guardianship,  and  to  transfer  the 
crown  to  the  regent.  Prince  Luitpold,  who  is  also  the  heir 
presumptive;  and  it  was  reported  in  Dec,  1895,  that  Prince 
Luitpold  would  be  declared  king,  June  10,  1896,  on  the 
tenth  anniversary  of  his  regency.  At  the  close  of  1894 
Bavaria  had  3,710  miles  of  railway,  of  which  3,152  belonged 
to  the  state. 

BAYARD,  Thomas  Fkaxcis,  ll.d.,  diplomatist:  b. 
Wilmington,  Del.,  Oct.  29,  1828;  appointed  the  first  U.  S. 
ambassador  to  Great  Britain,  March  30,  1893.  During  his 
official  residence  in  London,  Mr.  Bayard  has  been  the  re- 
cipient of  marked  honors  and  attentions,  and  been  treated 
as  the  most  intimate  representative  of  President  Cleveland. 
Sir  Charles  Tupper,  the  Lord  High  Commissioner  at  Lon- 


BAT  ABB.  [AJB 

don  for  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  pronounced  liim  to  be 
one  of  the  best  representatives  ever  sent  to  England  by  the 
U.  S.,  and  a  man  of  exceeding  popularity  in  British  official 
and  social  life.     In   Sept.,  1895,  a  storm  of  indignation 
arose  in  British  and  American  official  circles  over  the  pub- 
lication in  London  by  Lord  Sackville  of  a  pamphlet,  con- 
taining severe  strictures  on  the  people  and  public  men  of 
the  IJ.  S.,  and  expressing  surprise  that  Mr.  Bayard  should 
have    been   received   as   American   ambassador  by   Great 
Britain,  when,  while  secretary  of  state,  he  had  wantonly 
insulted  in  person  the  British  representative.     Lord  Sack- 
ville had  been  British  minister  to  the  U.  S.  1881-89,  and 
his  recall  had  been  asked  by  President  Cleveland  for  the 
indiscretion  of  writing  a  political  letter,  which  was  pub- 
lished during   the   presidential   campaign   of   1888.     Mr. 
Bayard  took  no  notice  of  this  attack  on  him,  and   the 
British  press  and  public  generally  condemned  Lord  Sack- 
ville's  pamphlet.     Another  attack  was  made  on  the  am- 
bassador Dec.  10,  1895,  when  Representative  Barrett,  anew 
member  of  Congress  from  Mass.,  introduced  a  resolution  in 
the  House  of  Representatives  calling  for  the  impeachment 
of  Ambassador  Bayard  for  '^'high  crimes  and  misdemean- 
ors,^^ because  of  words  spoken  in  an  address  delivered  by 
the  ambassador  before  the  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Insti- 
tution on  Nov.  7,  which  were  construed  into  an  attack  on 
the  policy  of  protection.     During  the  debate  that  ensued, 
the  resolution  was  amended  by  striking  out  the  words  "^^by 
impeachment  or  otherwise,"  leaving  it  a  call  for  inquiry 
into  the  facts  alleged  and  a  report  on  what  should  be  done 
in  the  premises.     A  second  amendment,  also  by  Represen- 
tative Barrett,  directed  the  committee  to  inquire  likewise 
into  the  matter  of  another  address,  delivered  at  Boston, 
England,  on  Aug.  2.     The  resolution  as  amended  and  with 
the  preamble  withdrawn  was  adopted  and  referred  to  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Atfairs.      Another  resolution,  by 
Representative  McCall  of  Mass.,  requesting  the  president 
to  communicate  whether  he  had  taken  steps  to  ascertain  if 
the  alleged  speeches  had  been  made,  and  what  steps,  if 
any,  he  had  taken  to  recall  or  censure  the  ambassador,  was 
similarly  referred.     On  Nov.  13,  Mr.  Bayard  received  the 
freedom  of  the  city  of  Dundee,  Scotland,  and  on  Dec.  10, 
made  the  inaugural  address  at  the  opening  of  the  Haus- 
halter  water-color  exhibition  of  Venetian  scenes,  in  Lon- 


AJc]  BA  r  CITY. 

don.  As  an  evidence  of  tlie  esteem  in  which  Ambassadoi- 
Bayard  is  held  officially^  it  may  be  added  that  Lord  Salis- 
bury, the  British  prime  minister,  sent  him  an  advance  copy 
of  the  official  reply  of  Great  Britain  to  the  inqniry  of  the  tj. 
S.  government  concerning  the  Anglo-Venezuelan  disjDutes. 

BAY  CITY,  city,  cap.  of  Bay  City  co.,  Mich.:  pop. 
(1890)  27,839;  (1894)  State  census,  30,039.  On  the  op- 
posite shore  of  Saginaw  river  is  AVest  Bay  City,  which^ 
though  corporately  se23arate  from  Bay  City,  is  so  identical 
with  it  in  commercial  interests  that  the  two  places  are 
locally  considered  as  one,  and  spoken  of  as  the  Bay  Cities. 
By  the  State  census  1894  the  cities  have  a  combined  pop. 
of  42,376.  They  are  4  m.  up  the  river  from  Saginaw  Bay, 
and  are  noted  for  their  ship-building,  lumbering,  and  salt- 
shipping  interests.  The  last  reports  available  of  Bay  City 
showed  a  total  bonded  debt  of  $435,000  (of  which  1327,000 
was  water  debt),  sinking  funds  $20,000,  net  debt  $415,000; 
assessed  valuations  1894,  $10,999,918.  In  1895  there  were 
2  national  banks  (cap.  $600,000),  2  state  banks  (cap.  $250,- 
000),  a  savings  bank  (cap.  $50,000),  and  in  the  two  places 
2  daily  and  6  weekly  newspapers,  and  local  transit  was  pro- 
vided by  the  Bay  Cities  Consolidated  railway,  which  op- 
erated 23  m.  of  trolley  track. 

BAYONNE,  citv,  Hudson  co.,  N.  J.;  pop.  (1890)  19,- 
033;  (1895)  State  census,  19,856.  In  1894  it  had  a  bonded 
debt  of  $1,560,000,  payable  1895-1919,  floating  debt  $66,- 
349,  sinking  fund  $70,865,  net  debt,  $1,555,984.  The 
assessed  valuation  1894  aggregated  $11,027,407,  and  1895, 
$11,815,410— increase  $788,003.  In  1895  it  had  a  trust 
company  (cap.  $50,000)  and  4  weekly  newspapers.  The 
city  is  on  the  line  of  the  great  boulevard  being  constructed 
(1895)  from  the  Kill  von  Kull,  opposite  Staten  Island,  to 
the  n.  boundary  line  of  Hudson  co.,  near  Fort  Lee. 

BAYREUTH:  a  city  of  Bavaria,  the  home  of  Wagner 
and  the  place  of  his  musical  festivals.  The  festival  in 
July,  1894,  attracted  great  numbers,  and  included  the  rep- 
resentation in  the  magnificent  theater  of  Parsifal,  Tann- 
hauser,  and  Lohengrin.  The  copyright  of  Parsifal,  hitherto 
only  heard  at  Bayreuth,  had  expired  in  1893,  but  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria  exercised  his  right  to  prolong  it  to  the  end 
of  1895.  The  widow  of  Wagner  is  said  to  have  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  management  of  the  festival. 


BA2  'A^.  [Ajb 

BAZIN,  Kene,  Fraxcots  Nicolas  Marie,  publicist, 
novelist,  and  editor:  b.  at  Angers,  France,  Dec.  26,  1855. 
He  published  in  1894  a  novel  entitled  Humble  Amour;  and 
the  same  year  his  story  Une  Tache  d'Encre,  first  issued  in 
1888,  had  a  10th  edition  and  was  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy. 

BEARD,  William  Holbkook,  painter  and  author: 
b.  in  Painesville,  0.,  April  13,  1825.  In  1894  he  published 
Action  in  Art,  with  illustrations  from  his  own  drawings. 

BEARDSLEY,  Aubrey,  artist:  b.  at  Brighton,  Eng- 
land, in  1873.  He  illustrated  Oscar  Wilde^s  Salome  in 
1893-94;  and  early  in  1894  became  art  editor  of  The  Yel- 
low Book,  drawing  each  cover,  and  many  of  the  illustrations 
within.  He  also  designed  and  drew  a  series  of  new  and 
striking  posters.  He  has  also  written  and  illustrated  The 
Story  of  A^enus  and  Tannhiiuser  (1895);  and  Under  the 
Hill,  a  novel  (1896). 

BEATRICE,  city,  cap.  of  Gage  co.,  Neb.:  pop.  (1890) 
13,036.  It  is  a  manufacturing  city,  and  1895  had  3  na- 
tional banks  (cap.  $250,000),  a  state  bank  (cap.  $50,000),  a 
private  bank,  a  street  railway  with  7  1-2  m.  of  track,  and  3 
daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers. 

BEBEL,  Ferdinand  August,  social-democratic  author 
and  leader  in  the  German  Reichstag:  b.  at  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  22,  1840.  In  1895  he  acted  as  treasurer  of  his 
party,  and  for  fear  of  seizure  he  carried  the  available  funds 
to  Zurich,  Switzerland,  being  accompanied  by  other  leading 
German  socialists.  He  created  great  excitement  in  the 
Reichstag  by  a  speech  delivered  Dec.  11,  1895,  when  he 
violently  attacked  the  speeches  of  the  emperor  at  the 
Sedan  anniversary  and  at  Breslau,  referring  to  him  as  ^'a 
certain  somebody. ""  This  phrase  excited  an  uproar,  and 
the  president  threatened  him;  but  Bebel  insisted  that 
personal  reference  to  the  emperor  was  necessary  in  discuss- 
ing the  question  of  Use-majeste,  and  that  free  and  even 
violent  discussion  was  the  only  safeguard  against  violent 
revolution. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  London,  Eng.:  a  college  for 
women,  modeled  upon  the  plan  of  Kewnham  and  Girton; 
lecturers  at  the  close  of  1894,  19;  students,  146. 

BEECHER,  EdwarD;,  b.b.,    clergyman    and    author, 


Aje]  BEERBOllM-rREE. 

older  brother  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher:  b.  at  East  Hampton, 
L.  I.,  K.  Y.,  Aiig/27,  1803;  died  in  Brooklyn,  :N.  Y., 
July  28,  1895. 

BEERBOHM-TREE  (last  name  assumed),  Herbert, 
actor:  b.  in  London,  England,  1853;  educated  in  England 
and  Germany;  became  a  clerk  to  his  father  in  London 
1870;  joined  an  amateur  dramatic  society;  made  his  first 
professional  appearance  at  the  Globe  theater,  London,  1878; 
leased  the  Comedy  theater  1887;  and  has  been  manager  of 
the  Haymarket  theater  since  1888.  He  made  his  first  visit 
to  the  U.  S.  1895,  appearing  at  Abbey's  theater,  Kew 
York,  Jan.  28,  in  the  Ballad-Monger  and  The  Red  Lamp. 
He  is  an  actor  of  remarkable  versatility,  and  is  considered 
the  best  stage  manager  in  England,  as  well  as  the  best 
make-up  man  and  character  delineator. 

BEER.  Returns  made  to  the  convention  of  the  United 
States  Brewers'  Association,  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  June  12, 
13,  1895,  show  that  there  were  manufactured  in  the  United 
States  during  the  fiscal  3'ear  ending  June  30, 1894,  33,334,- 
783  barrels  of  beer  containing  l',033,378,218  gallons,  on 
which  an  internal  revenue  tax  Avas  paid  amounting  to 
$31,414,788.  This  was  a  falling  off  from  the  year  preced- 
ing, when  34,554,317  barrels  were  manufactured,  and  the 
tax  amounted  to  $32,548,983.  There  was  also  reported  the 
importation  in  1894  of  2,910,540  gallons,  valued  at  $1,510,- 
767;  and  export  of  351,025  dozens  of  bottles,  valued  at 
1471,589,  and  307,077  gallons  in  casks  valued  at  $77,390. 
The  exports  were  chiefly  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Cuba,  Colombia,  Canada,  Hayti,  and 
San  Domingo;  amounts  in  the  order  named  of  the  32,784,- 
599  barrels  sold  in  the  United  States  in  1894,  the  sales  in 
the  principal  cities  were  as  follows:  ISTew  York,  4,986,148 
barrels;  Chicago,  2,656,994  barrels;  Milwaukee,  2,029,893 
barrels;  St.  Louis,  1,974,038  barrels;  Brooklyn,  1,824,972 
barrels;  Philadelphia,  1,758,090  barrels;  Cincinnati,  1,- 
200,719  barrels;  Newark.  1,042,297  barrels;  no  other  city 
reporting  1,000,000  barrels. 

The  whole  number  of  breweries  in  the  world  in  1894  was  re- 
ported by  Gambrinus,  the  general  brewers'  organ  in  Vienna, 
as  44,531,  as  compared  Avith  45,318  in  1893;  but  the  amount 
of  beer  produced  Avas  given  at  207,361,258  hektoliters 
(176,686,400  barrels  U.  S.),  as  compared  Avith  204,600,390 


BEERS.  [AJP 

hektoliters  (174,344,100  barrels)  in  1803.  In  Germany  tlie 
number  of  breweries  was  greater  in  1894  than  in  1893,  but 
the  number  was  less  in  e\^rj  other  country,  while  on  the 
other  hand  the  product  was  generally  increased.  The 
principal  beer-producing  countries  are  given  below,  no 
country  being  named  which  did  not  report  as  many  as  1,000 
breweries  in  1894.  Germany  had  22,833  breweries,  and 
produced  55,499,  467  hektolitres  (47,290,000  barrels  U.  S.) 
of  beer;  Great  Britian  and  Ireland,  v/ith  9,240  breweries 
produced  52,774,324  hektoliters  (44,954,000  barrels  U. 
S.);  America,  North  and  South,  with  2,112  breweries,  pro- 
duced 50,102,700  hektoliters  (42,692,200  barrels);  Austria- 
Hungary,  with  1,775  breweries,  produced  18,357,077  hek- 
toliters (15,812,000  barrels);  Belgium,  with  2,900  brew- 
eries, produced  9,571,746  hektoliters  (8,157,700  barrels); 
France,  with  2,611  breweries,  produced  8,443,685  hektoli- 
ters (7,194,500  barrels);  and  Russia,  with  1,161  breweries, 
produced  4,621,270  hektoliters  (3,953,876  barrels). 

BEERS,  Henry  Augustix,  author  and  professor  of 
English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity: b.  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1847.  In  1894  he 
published  From  Chancer  to  Tennyson;  and  A  Suburban 
Pastoral  and  Other  Tales;  and  in  1895  The  Ways  of  Yale. 

BEET  SUGAR.  It  was  estimated  in  Brussels,  in  re- 
view of  the  sngar  beet  crop  of  Europe  for  1894,  that  the 
deficiency  in  France,  Belgium,  and  the  IS^etherlands  would 
be  50,000  tons  of  raw^  sugar;  while  on  the«other  hand  Ger- 
many, Austria-Hungary,  and  Russia  would  have  a  surplus 
of  600,000  tons.  It  was  reported  in  1894  that  a  beet-sugar 
factory  was  building  at  Verina,  Gijon,  S})ain,  and  the  in- 
dustry was  getting  established  in  that  country. 

The  U.  S.  government  maintained  experimental  stations 
as  to  the  growth  of  beets  and  the  manufacture  of  beet 
sugar  during  the  years  1891-95,  the  most  important  of 
these  being  at  Schuyler,  Nebraska.  There  have  been  ten 
stations  in  Kansas,  and  ten  others  in  Nebraska,  California, 
and  Louisiana.  Tliere  has  been  little  practical  success, 
though  the  results  in  information  as  to  methods  of  cultiva- 
tion and  manufacture  may  i)rove  ultimately  of  value.  The 
expenditure  up  to  Aug.  2'3,  1895,  had  been  about  $500,000; 
and  at  that  time  the  secretary  of  the  department  of  agri- 
culture thought  it  best  to  close  the  stations  and  leave  the 


ajg]  BELFAST. 

production  to  private  enterprise.  The  government  property 
at  the  stations  was  sold  at  a  great  loss. 

BELFAST,  city  and  seaport,  Antrim  co.,  Ireland:  pop. 
(1891)  255,950.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  IT.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$2,034,228.43,  an  increase  of  $538,038.92  over  the  total  of 
the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  The  principal  articles 
were  linens  $1,520,525;  cotton  manufactures  $182,861; 
hemp,  flax,  tow,  etc.,  $143,775;  unions  $78,272;  beer  and 
ale  $50,585;  and  thread  $40,279. 

BELGIUM.  Sept.  20,  1894,  a  royal  decree  was  published, 
dissolving  the  senate  and  chamber  of  representatives,  and 
fixing  Oct.  14  for  the  first  election  under  the  new  franchise 
law  establishing  compulsory  manhood  suffrage.  The  elector- 
ate was  divided  into  three  classes,  the  members  of  which 
have  each  one,  or  two,  or  three  votes.  All  male  citizens,  25 
years  old  and  over,  who  have  resided  one  year  in  a  district 
have  one  vote,  but  all  married  men  and  widowers  who  pay 
five  francs  or  more  personal  tax  have  two  votes,  and  those 
with  a  certain  moderately  high  educational  qualification 
have  three :  this  latter  class  including  all  the  priesthood, 
fully  10,000.  Voting  is  compulsory.  About  one  half  have 
only  one  vote. 

The  election  of  Oct.  14,  1894,  was  indecisive  in  several 
constituencies,  and  supplementary  elections  were  held  a 
week  later.  The  returns  showed  104  clericals,  29  socialists 
and  radicals,  and  19  liberals.  By  the  animosity  between 
socialists  and  liberals,  the  clericals  had  a  strong  effective 
majority. 

Parliament  met  Xov.  13,1894.  The  Flemish  delegates 
took  the  oath  in  Flemish,  the  Yf  alloon  delegates,  Avho  are 
largely  socialistic,  and  speak  French,  protesting. 

Thirteen  anarchists  were  arrested,  charged  with  com- 
plicity with  the  dynamite  outrages  at  Lieges  in  April,  1894. 
After  a  j)rolonged  trial  five  were  acquitted  Feb.  9,  1895, 
two  were  sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for  life,  and  the  rest 
were  sentenced  to  various  terms  of  imprisonment. 

Contrary  to  the  spirit,  if  not  to  the  letter  of  the  new 
constitution,  the  government,  in  harmony  with  the  large 
clerical  majority,  brought  in  a  bill  making  religious  in- 
struction compulsory  in  the  public  schools.  There  were 
only  some  150  of  these,  more  than  half  of  them  beiu;!:  in  Brus- 


BELKNAP.  [ajh 

sels,  the  denominational  schools  having  been  fostered  since 
1884  by  public  subsidies,  and  many  public  schools  having 
been  closed.  But  tlie  bill  excited  mnch  popular  opposition, 
July  23  and  29,  1895,  radical  and  socialist  demonstrations 
being  made  in  Brussels  and  elsewhere,  over  100,000  dele- 
gates coming  to  Brussels  to  protest.  The  bill,  however, 
was  23assed,  and  approved  by  the  king  Sept.  17,  1895. 

The  military  force  of  Belgium  in  1895  vv^as  reported  at  a 
total  peace  strength  of  93,C86;  consisting  of  64,900  infantry, 
7,200  cavalry,  18,862  artillery,  and  2,724  engineers  and 
train;  total  war  strength,  257,286.  The  population  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms,  including  those  engaged  in  the  general 
and  local  administration,  railroads,  necessary  tillers  of  the 
soil,  and  others  who  would  not  be  spared  in  the  field  except 
as  a  last  resort,  was  1,460,000. 

Feb.  2,  1895,  a  convention  was  signed  between  Belgium 
and  France,  defining  the  right  of  pre-emption  with  regard 
to  the  Congo  Free  State  which  France  has  claimed  since 
1894.  This  was  said  to  assure  to  France  access  to  the 
valley  of  the  Nile.  Jan.  4,  1895,  it  was  announced  that 
the  government  had  decided  to  propose  to  the  Chamber  to 
annex  the  Congo  Free  State  to  Belgium.  The  King  of 
Belgium  has  given  an  annual  subsidy  of  1200,000,  the 
Congo  State  being  regarded  as  his  private  possession,  but 
has  exhausted  his  fortune,  and  wishes  to  present  his  costly 
possession  to  the  kingdom  as  a  colony.  The  Belgians, 
however,  were  averse  to  holding  such  a  colony,  and  de- 
clined the  king^s  oifer;  but  the  Chamber  voted  a  subsidy 
of  15,000,000  for  constructing  the  Congo  railroad,  stij^ulat- 
ing  that  the  Congo  State  shall  not  enter  into  any  financial 
engagement  without  consent  of  the  Belgian  government 
until  1900,  when  Belgium  will  finally  decide  for  or  against 
adopting  the  Congo  State  as  a  dependency.     (See  Congo.) 

BELKNAP,  George  Eugene,  naval  officer:  b.  in 
Newport,  N.  H.,  Jan.  22,  1832;  entered  the  U.  S.  navy 
Oct.  7,  1847;  was  promoted  rear-admiral  Feb.  12,  1889; 
and  was  retired  Jan.  22,  1894.  His  naval  career  was  re- 
markable for  the  length  of  active  service.  He  was  on  sea 
service  24  years  and  4  months,  on  shore  or  other  duty  18 
years  and  2  months,  and  was  unemployed  only  4  years  and 
10  months. 

BELLAIRE,  city,  Belmont  co.,  0.:  pop.  (1890)  9,934. 


ajtJ  BELLEVTLLR 

In  1895  it  had  a  total  debt  of  1187,896,  sinking  fnnd  $18,- 
108,  net  debt  i^l69,788,  assessed  valuation  about  83,100,- 
000,  a  national  bank  (cap.  1200,000)  a  savings  bank  (cap. 
850,000),  and  2  daily  and  5  weekly  newspapers. 

BELLEVILLE,  city,  cap.  of  St.  Clair  cc.  111.:  pop. 
(1890)  15,361.  In  1894  it  had  assessed  valuations,  real 
$1,619,229,  personal  $479,400— total,  $2,098,629;  and 
1895  a  total  debt  of  $124,000,  a  national  bank  (cap.  1100,- 
000),  a  savings  bank  (cap.  $150,000),  electric  street  rail- 
way, and  3  daily  and  5  weekly  newspapers. 

BELOIT  COLLEGE,  Beloit,  Wis.,  founded  in  1846. 
In  1895  the  college  was  opened  to  women.  It  includes 
classical,  philosophical,  and  scientific  departments,  and 
grants  the  degrees  of  B.A.,  Ph.B.,  and  B.S.  Instructors 
at  the  close  of  1895,  24;  students  158,  of  whom  34  are 
women.  Associated  with  the  college  in  an  academy,  the 
instructors  of  which  are  members  of  the  college  faculty, 
and  which  included,  besides  studies  preparatory  for  col- 
lege, a  business  course  of  two  years.  Students  in  the 
academy,  440.  The  library  contained  in  1895  20,000 
volumes.  Thirteen  money  prizes  were  awarded  during  the 
year  for  excellence  in  different  departments  of  study. 
President,  Edward  D.  Eaton,  d.d.,  ll.d. 

BEMIS,  Edward  AYebster,  ph.d.,  economist:  b.  in 
Sprmgfield,  Mass.,  April  7,  1860;  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  1880;  was  a  pioneer  lecturer  in  the  University  Ex- 
tension System  1887-88;  prof,  of  economics  and  history, 
Vanderbilt  University,  1889-92;  and  associate  prof,  of 
economics,  University  of  Chicago,  1892-95.  His  removal 
from  the  last  post  by  President  Harper,  on  the  ground 
that  the  tendency  of  his  teachings  was  injurious  to  the  uni- 
versity, provoked  severe  criticism  and  correspondence,  in 
the  main  favorable  to  Prof.  Bemis.  He  j)ublished  History 
of  Cooi^eration  in  the  United  States  (1888);  Municipal 
Ownership  of  Gas  (1891),  Local  Government  for  the 
South  and  Southwest  (1893);  Popular  Election  of  L^nited 
States  Senators  (1893);  and  Relation  of  Labor  Organiza- 
tions to  the  American  Boy  and  to  Trade  Instruction  (1894). 
In  Oct.,  1895,  he  was  engaged  as  associate  editor  of  The 
Bibliotheca  Sacra  to  date  from  Jan.  1,  1896. 

BEN  HUR,  Tribe  of,  founded  in  1894;  supreme 
temple,  Crawfordsville,  Ind.;  subordinate  courts,  23;  mem- 


BENSON.  [aaJ 

bers,  923;  supreme  chief,  Ira  J.  Chase,   Indianapolis,  IiuL; 
supreme  scribe,  F.  L.  Snyder,  Crawfordsville,  Ind. 

BENSON,  Edward  White,  d.d,.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, Primate  of  the  Church  of  Enghmd:  b.  at  Birming- 
ham, Eng.,  July  14,  1829.  In  1894  he  published  a  volume 
of  sermons  addressed  to  his  diocese  in  his  third  visitation, 
under  the  title  Fishers  of  Men. 

BENTZON,  Marie  Therese  (Madame  Blanc),  author: 
b.  at  Seine-Port,  France,  Sept.  21,  1840.  In  1895  she  pub- 
lished The  Condition  of  Women  in  the  United  States:  a 
Traveler's  Notes,  translated  by  Abby  Langdon  Alger. 

BERG-EN,  city,  seaport,  and  cap.  of  province  of  Bergen, 
Norway;  pop.  (1891)  53,684.  In  the  quarter  ending 
March  31,  1895,  the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S. 
aggregated  in  value  163,276.47,  and  in  that  ending  June 
30,  199,172.98,  the  last  being  an  increase  of  157,645.73 
over  the  total  for  the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  The 
principal  articles  were  codliver  oil,  wood  pulp,  herrings, 
and  skins. 

BERINa  SEA  QUESTION.  In  April,  1894,  laws 
were  enacted  by  both  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
to  carry  into  effect  the  award  of  the  Bering  Sea  arbitration 
of  1893,  affixing  penalties  for  illegal  sealing,  and  authoriz- 
ing, with  certain  limitations,  the  search  and  seizure  of 
sealers  by  the  naval  and  revenue  forces  of  the  other  nation. 
There  still  awaited  adjudication  the  compensation  due  to  seal- 
ers whose  vessels  had  been  illegally  seized  by  U.  S.  cutters 
prior  to  the  establishment  of  a  close  season  in  1890.  May 
10,  1994,  a  new  treaty  regulating  sealing  in  Russian  waters 
was  ratified  at  Washington.  June  7,  1894,  the  British 
ambassador  gave  to  the  secretary  of  state  a  list  of  British 
claims  amounting  to  1542,169,  proposing  a  commission  to 
examine  and  pass  upon  them.  August  21,  1894,  the  sec- 
retary replied  that  it  might  be  best  to  pay  a  lump  sum  to 
Great  Britain  of  $425,000;  and  this  was  promptly  agreed 
to  by  the  ambassador,  and  this  was  recommended  to  Con- 
gress by  the  presixlent;  but  was  not  approved  by  Congress, 
it  being  said  that,  many  of  the  British  claims  were  for  con- 
structive or  consequential  damages,  which  had  not  been 
approved  by  the  tribunal,  and  which  the  precedent  of  the 
Alabama  award  expressly  disallowed;  while  it  was  also  said 
that  some  of  the  vessels   were  not  really  owned  by  British 


AAA]  BERKELEY  TRMPLR 

subjects,  but  by  Americans.  Meanwhile  the  report  of  the 
navy  department  showed  that  the  regulations  were  very 
ineiectual,  the  amount  of  illegal  sealing  great,  and  the 
^vaste  and  destruction  of  seals  threatened  their  entire  exter- 
mination. Jan.  19,  1895,  the  regulations  agreed  upon  by 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  >States  were  proclaimed,  but 
w^ere  opposed  by  Canadaan  sealers.  January  30,  1895,  an 
order  from  the  British  privy  council,  under  agreement 
wath  Eussia,  prohibited  the  taking  of  seals  by  British 
vessels  within  a  zone  of  ten  marine  miles  from  the  Eussian 
coasts  of  Bering  Sea,  or  within  a  thirty-mile  zone  around 
the  Konnandorsky  and  Robbin  Islands.  Xovember  16, 
1895,  word  was  received  in  Washington  that  a  British  seal- 
ing schooner  had  been  condemned  by  the  British  Court  of 
Admiralty  for  violation  of  the  regulations.  November  22, 
1895,  an  order  of  privy  council  reaffirmed  the  order  of 
January  30.  In  1895  Dr.  Leonhard  Stejneger  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  was  detailed  to  investigate  and 
report  upon  the  condition  of  seal  life  about  the  Commander 
Islands,  owned  by  Russia.  He  confirms  the  havoc  reported, 
by  which  the  annual  catch  of  50,000  has  been  reduced  to 
16,000;  and  says  it  is  due  to  pelagic  sealing,  and  is  noted 
outside  the  Bering  Sea  territory.  But  he  does  not  fear  the 
extermination  of  the  seals,  because  pelagic  sealing  requires 
so  large  an  outlay  that  it  Avill  be  abandoned  as  it  becomes 
unprofitable.  It  was  reported  in  December,  1895,  that  the 
terms  of  agreement  for  the  settlement  of  claims  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  were  nearly  perfected 
and  would  be  laid  before  the  senate  in  a  few  days. 

BERKELEY  TEMPLE,  an  institutional  church,  reor- 
ganized from  the  Berkeley  Street  Congregational  Church, 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1888;  pastor,  Rev.  Charles  A.  Dickinson, 
D.D.  In  1895  the  church  reported  1,020  members,  103 
having  been  received  during  the  year;  425  families;  Sun- 
day-school members  645;  benevolent  contributions  of  the 
church  $5,118,  and  of  the  Sunday-school  $625;  home  ex- 
penses 118,000.  Together  with  ordinai'y  church  Avork, 
including  a  Christian  Endeavor  Society  and  Brotherhood 
of  Andrew  and  Philip,  there  was  maintained  a  regular 
service  in  Armenian;  a  Young  Men's  Institute,  with  read- 
ing-room, gymnasium,  lyceum,  outing  club,  and  various 
classes;  a  Boys'  Brigade,  with  a  class  in  Sloyd;  temperance 


BimLW.  [AAB 

guild,  whicli  took  800  pledges  during  the  year;  a  reform 
work  for  intemperate  and  fallen  women,  and  work  for  poor 
families;  a  Dorcastry^  reaching  about  300  young  women; 
an  orphanage  for  40  boys  and  a  home  for  working  girls  at 
AVestminster^  Vt. 

BERLIN^  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia,  and  since 
1871  of  the  German  Empire.  The  great  brewers  of  Berlin, 
being  owners  of  the  principal  halls  in  which  the  socialists 
held  meetings,  refused  in  the  summer  of  1894  to  rent  them 
for  that  purpose;  whereupon  the  socialists  resolved  to  boy- 
cott the  Berlin  brewers  and  bought  only  beer  imported 
from  Bavaria  and  the  south.  The  associated  brewers  of 
Berlin  and  its  vicinity  sent  a  circular  letter  to  the  southern 
brewers  protesting  against  the  importation  of  beer,  which 
was  seriously  affecting  the  manufacture  in  Berlin;  but 
these  latter  ignored  the  letter.  On  the  other  hand  the 
socialists  and  social-democrats  found  the  workingmen  more 
and  more  ignoring  the  boycott.  Nov.  21,  1894,  being  the 
birthday  of  his  mother,  the  ex-Empress  Erederick,  the  em- 
peror called  tlie  Reichstag  to  meet  in  the  new  building  in 
Berlin.  The  builders  protested  that  it  could  not  be  ready, 
and  ultimately  the  opening  session  was  not  held  till  Dec. 
It  then  took  place  with  great  display  of  the  rich  and  splen- 
did structure,  and  a  congratulatory  speech  from  the  em- 
peror; but  the  enthusiasm  of  the  occasion  was  marred  by 
the  refusal  of  the  socialist  deputies  to  rise  and  join  in  the 
cheers  called  for  by  the  president.  In  the  summer  of  1895 
an  International  Art  Exhibition  was  held  in  Berlin.  A 
large  number  of  American  artists  took  part  in  the  exhibi- 
tion, and  were  much  praised  by  the  German  critics.  In 
Nov.,  1895,  was  published  the  latest  report  of  the  city 
savings-bank.  It  shows  on  deposit  162,842,028  marks 
(840,710,507),  being  11,566,766  marks  (12,891,691)  more 
than  the  year  before.  The  payments  into  the  bank  during 
the  year  numbered  526,295,  of  which  178,960  were  in  sums 
from  1  to  21  marks,  162,212  in  sums  from  21  to  61  marks. 
The  increase  of  depositors  was  from  484,363  in  1894  to 
509,732  in  1895. '  Of  these  depositors  159,732  had  a  credit 
ranging  from  1  to  61  marks,  88,527  from  61  to  151  marks, 
and  75,685  from  151  to  301  marks,  showing  that  the  depos- 
itors were  mostly  poor  persons.  There  were  76  offices  for 
receiving  deposits  in  all  parts  of  the  city.     The  cash  capi- 


AAc]  BERLm. 

tal  of  the  bank  was  176,430,978  marks  ($44,107,744),  i.  e. 
13,588,950  marks  ($3,397,237)  in  excess  of  the  deposits. 
Of  the  profits  1,112,306  marks  ($278,074)  had  been  thus 
far  expended  for  works  of  public  utility.  The  new  census 
of  Prussia,  completed  in  1895,  shows  that  the  j^opulation 
of  Berlin  had  increased  only  36,288,  or  2.2  per  cent,  for 
four  and  a  half  3'ear3,  being  reported  in  Xov.,  1895,  as 
1,757,898,  although  the  population  of  the  kingdom  had 
increased  more  than  5  per  cent.,  and  the  increase  of  Berlin 
between  1870  and  1890  had  been  over  50,000  a  year. 

BERLIN,  Un"IVERSITY  of,  Berlin,  Germany;  established 
in  1809.  At  the  beginning  of  1895  it  had  the  four  depart- 
ments of  theology,  with  531  students;  jurisprudence,  with 
1,625;  medicine,  with  1,279;  and  philosophy,  with  1,544; 
total  of  matriculated  students,  4,979,  besides  3,471  non- 
matriculated,  of  whom  many  were  foreigners.  ^  There  were 
in  all  departments  372  professors  and  teachers.  At  the 
close  of  1895  there  were  5,368  unmatriculated  students,  of 
whom  3,778  were  from  Prussia,  814  from  elsewhere  in 
Germany,  219  from  the  United  States,  198  from  Eussia, 
102  from  Switzerland,  57  from  Austria,  32  from  Great 
Britain,  31  from  Hungary,  and  22  from  France.  The 
faculty  of  theology  was  Protestant.  In  1894  the  medical 
department  received  a  bequest  from  Dr.  Adolf  Diisterhoff 
of  100,000  marks,  the  interest  of  which  gives  a  sj)ecial 
prize  twice  a  year  to  the  most  diligent  worker.  The 
librixry  contained  300,000  vols.  In  N"ov.,  1895,  a  students' 
club  of  a  novel  khid  was  opened  in  Berlin  for  the  study 
and  discussion  of  modern  social  questions.  Its  organiza- 
tion had  been  oj^posed  by  the  late  rector  of  the  university. 
Dr.  Pfieiderer,  on  the  ground  that  students  should  not  dis- 
cuss politics  or  risk  contagion  of  socialistic  principles;  but 
Dr.  AYagner,  the  present  rector,  gave  it  his  approval.  At 
its  inauguration  it  was  maintained  that  its  idea  was  not 
political,  but  for  the  forwarding  of  ^^  university  extension,^' 
and  such  work  as  that  of  Toynbee  Hall  in  London. 

BERMUDA  (also  SOMERS'S)  ISLANDS,  group  of 
360  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  580  m.  e.  of  North 
Carolina,  constituting  a  British  colony  with  representative 
government;  pop.  (1893)  15,519.  The  last  local  statistics 
available  (1895)  were  for  1893,  and  showed:  Imports, 
£327,580     ($1,592,038);     exports,    £129,069    ($627,275); 


BERMUDEZ.  [aad 

debt,  £17,927  (187,125);  estimated  revenue  1894-5,  £33,- 
453  (1162,581);  expenditure,  £32,430  (1157,609);  and 
customs  receipts,  £27,701  (1134,626).  Nearly  all  the  ex- 
port produce  goes  to  the  U.  S.  and.  Canada,  and  the  bulk 
of  the  food  supplies  are  imported  therefrom.  The  total 
tonnage  of  vessels  entered  and  cleared  1893  was  354,043, 
nearly  all  British.  In  the  year  ending  June  30,  1895,  the 
commerce  with  the  U.  S.  was:  Imports,  1461,707;  exports, 
$821,564 — total  trade,  11,483,271,  an  increase  in  imports, 
decrease  in  exports,  and  increase  in  bulk  of  trade  of  Il09,- 
800  over  the  previous  fiscal  year. 

BERMUDEZ,  Remigio  Morales,  president  of  Peru: 
b.  at  Pica,  Peru,  Sept.  10,  1836;  d.  at  Lima,  March  31, 
1894. 

BERNE,  most  populous  canton  of  Switzerland;  also 
city  and  cap.  of  the  same;  pop.  canton  (1894)  541,051; 
city  (1893)  47,620.  During  the  six  months  ending  Ju]ie 
30,  1895,  the  exports  here  declared  for  the  U.  S.  aggre- 
gated in  value  1392,638.99,  an  increase  of  $45,222.39  over 
the  total  of  the  corresponding  period  1894.  Tlie  principal 
articles  were:  Cheese  ($299,524.78);  silk  tissues  ($35,528.- 
ij^)',  and  knit  goods  ($34,173.68). 

BERNE,  University  of,  Berne,  Switzerland:  founded 
in  1832;  organized  on  the  model  of  the  German  universities; 
and  having,  at  the  close  of  1894,  the  four  faculties  of 
theology,  law,  medicine,  and  philosophy;  instructors  88; 
students  matriculated,  564,  besides  the  foreigners,  of  whom 
some  were  women,  attending  the  lectures. 

BERNHARDT,  Mme.  Rosiis^e  Sarah,  actress:  b.  in 
Paris;  France,  Oct.  22,  1844.  In  1894  she  had  a  very  suc- 
cessful season  at  Daly's  theater,  London,  appearing  in 
Sardou's  new  play,  Gismonda.  In  1895  she  made  a  tour 
in  Italy  and  Spain,  having  a  cool  reception  in  Italy,  but  at 
Madrid  being  supported  in  The  Sphynx  by  Maria  Guerrero, 
one  of  the  most  popular  of  Spanish  actresses;  and  winning 
the  most  enthusiastic  praises  in  La  Tosca,  Gismonda,  and 
Magda.     She  again  visited  the  U.  S.  in  1896. 

BERTHELOT,  Pierre  Eugene  Marcelin,  specialist 
in  synthetic  and  tliermo-chemistry,  and  prof,  of  organic 
chemistry  in  the  College  de  France;  b.  Paris,  Oct.  25, 
1827.  His  achievements  in  the  line  of  chemical  synthesis 
1895  astonished  not  only  the  scientific  world,  but  agricul- 


AAE]  BBS  A  NT. 

turists,  manufacturers,  and  other  producers  of  staple  arti- 
cles, for  he  demonstrated  that  sugar,  tea,  coffee,  cocoa,  to- 
bacco, and  alzarin  (the  essential  jjrinciple  of  the  madder- 
root,  used  as  the  basis  of  dyes),  and  indigo,  can  be  made 
by  synthetic  chemistry,  equal  in  all  respects  to  the  culti- 
vated or  manufactured  articles,  and  at  far  less  cost.  He 
has  published  numerous  scientific  works,  has  been  highly 
honored  at  home  and  abroad,  and  on  Nov.  1,  1895,  was 
appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  the  cabinet  of  M. 
Bourgeois. 

BESANT,  Mrs.  Axxie,  theosophist:  b.  in  London, 
Eng.,  Oct.  1,  1847.  After  a  long  visit  to  India  she  re- 
turned to  England  in  April,  1894,  and  took  up  her  resi- 
dence at  the  Theosophical  European  Headquarters  in 
Regent's  Park,  London.  She  contributed  to  periodicals 
and  lectured  on  theosophy. 

BESAXT,  Sir  Walter,  novelist  and  i^hilanthropist:  b. 
at  Portsmouth,  England,  in  1838.  In  1894  he  published, 
with  James  Payn,  W.  Clark  Eussell,  and  others,  a  volume 
entitled  My  First  Book,  with  an  introduction  by  Jerome  K. 
Jerome.  In  1886  he  was  knighted  by  the  queen;  and  pub- 
lished Westminster,  with  illustrations  by  William  Patten 
and  others;  Beyond  the  Dreams  of  Avarice;  and  In 
Deacon's  Orders;  and,  with  others,  The  Poor  in  Great 
Cities. 

BEVERLY,  city,  incorporated  (1894),  Essex  co.,  Mass.; 
pop.  (1890)  10,821;  (1895)  state  census,  11,802.  In  1895 
it  had  an  assessed  valuation  of  $13,824,300;  net  debt  (in- 
cluding water  debt  8150,000)  1661,165;  tax  rate  115.90 
per  11,000;  a  national  bank  (cap.  1200,000);  a  savings 
bank  (deposits  11,705,601);  and  a  daily,  2  weekly,  and  2 
monthly  periodicals.  In  the  Nov.  election,  Charles  H. 
Odell,  the  Rep.  candidate  for  mayor,  was  elected,  and  the 
citizens  again  voted  '^no  license." 

BIBLE  SOCIETY,  American,  organized  in  New  York, 
in  1816.  The  seventy-ninth  annual  report,  presented  May 
9,  1895,  shows  that  the  receipts  during  the  year  from 
church  collections  were  120,828.00,  individual  gifts  86,- 
711.47,  through  auxiliary  societies  831,993.86;  total  gifts 
859,533.33;  legacies  8159,916.32;  interest  on  investments 
826,261.56;  rents  837,557.17;  miscellaneous  receipts  84,- 
856.27;  sales  of  books  and  purchase  account  8238,699.61; 


BIBLE  SOCIETY.  [aaf 

total  receipts  $526,824.26,  besides  112,131.57  received  for 
permanent  investment.  The  society  holds  in  trust  in- 
vested funds,  only  the  income  of  which  can  be  used  for  be- 
nevolent purposes,  amounting  March  31,  1895,  to  1410,- 
435.08;  special  funds  amounting  to  134,701.22,  the  income 
of  which  is  applied  by  direction  of  the  donors  to  certain 
specific  uses;  while  certain  otlier  funds  available  for  the 
benevolent  work  of  the  society  amount  to  1146,806.64. 
The  society  disbursed  during  the  year  $508,803.16,  and  its 
drafts  for  $18,447.40  were  still  outstanding.  The  appro- 
priations for  the  foreign  work  of  1894-05  were  $176,665. 

Translations  and  revisions  of  parts  of  the  Bible  were  se- 
cured in  Kusaien,  Bulgarian,  Kurdish,  Siamese,  Korean, 
different  dialects  of  Chinese,  and  the  languages  of  Laos, 
and  the  Marshall  Islands.  The  volumes  of  the  Scriptures 
printed  at  the  Bible  House  were  1,051,400;  imported 
6,376;  printed  abroad  762,628;  purchased  abroad  138,270; 
aggregate  circulation  abroad  735,221.  The  issues  of  the 
society  since  its  organization  have  been  59,955,558   copies. 

During  the  year  101,196  copies  of  the  Scriptures  or  parts 
of  them  were  sent  to  foreign  lands,  or  12,859  more  than  in 
any  previous  year.  Of  these  92,475  went  to  Cuba  and  Latin 
America,  and  increased  numbers  were  sent  to  Venezuela, 
Mexico,  x\ustria,  Japan,  and  China.  The  visitors  of  the 
society  visited  516,798  families  in  the  United  States,  of 
whom  119,244  were  found  without  the  Scriptures;  and 
Bibles  or  Testaments  were  supplied  to  34,299  destitute 
families,  19,983  individuals,  and  609  Sunday  schools. 

Jan.,  1894,  Judge  Barrett  in  Supreme  Court  chambers 
ordered  that  the  board  of  city  tax  commissioners  remit  such 
a  proportion  of  the  taxes  levied  on  the  Bible  House,  New 
York,  as  the  2:)ortion  of  the  building  used  by  the  society  for  its 
own  purposes  bears  to  the  entire  building,  as  the  society  as 
an  organization  for  improving  the  mental  and  moral  con- 
dition of  men  and  women  is  entitled  to  the  exemption  of 
the  act  of  April  29,  1893. 

BIBLE  SOCIETY,  British  anij  Foueigx,  organized 
in  London,  March  7,  1804.  The  annual  report  presented 
May  1,  1895,  showed  that  the  receipts  for  the  year  w^ere: 
From  subscriptions,  donation.^,  collections,  and  legacies 
$688,879.91;  from  sales  $467,764.52;  from  special  funds 
$10,172;  total  $1,169,816.66.     The  society  had  issued  from 


aagJ  MDDEFORJ). 

the  Bible  House,  London,  1,651,560  Bibles  and  portions  of 
the  Bible;  and  from  depots  in  foreign  countries  2,185,656; 
total  issue  for  the  year  3,837,222,  an  increase  of  172,766 
over  the  preceding  year.  The  issues  since  1804  had  num- 
bered 143,396,230.  The  society  had  cooperated  with 
other  societies  in  translating  and  revising  translations 
of  the  Bible;  the  work  of  1894-95  including  new 
translation  or  revision  in  124  languages  and  dialects: 
the  languages  and  dialects  of  translation  since  1804 
having  numbered  344.  A  large  force  of  colporteurs  had 
been  employed  in  many  countries;  and  through  them, 
by  cooperation  of  missionaries,  and  of  different  established 
Christian  churches  and  societies,  they  have  secured  during 
the  year  the  circulation  of  the  Bible  in  many  countries:  in 
France  167,763  copies;  Belgium  34,468;  Germany,  among 
the  Catholic  and  non-Germanic  people,  64,359;  Switzer- 
land 53,568;  Austria-Hungarv  161,695;  Italy  189,653; 
Spain  51,907;  Portugal  11,664;  Denmark  25,431;  ]S"orth 
Russia  358,753;  South  Russia  168,555;  Siberia  over  60,000; 
Turkey  and  Greece  37,907;  Algeria  and  Tunis  14,942;  in 
Africa,  by  the  Capetown  agency,  besides  the  work  done  by 
many  missionaries,  32,120;  Madagascar  13,067;  Mauritius 
2,751;  Egypt  24,116;  Svria  and  Palestine  2,502;  Arabia  and 
Abyssinia  3,508;  Persia  8,511;  India  203,122;  China  288,- 
756;  Japan  113,939;  Chile  and  Peru  6,012;  Argentina  13,- 
785;  Brazil  19,743.  The  grants  authorized  during  the 
year  have  amounted  to  8111,783.76;  total  payments  for  the 
year  $1,074,851.95. 

BIDDEFORD,  citv,  York  co..  Me.;  pop,  (1890)  14,- 
443.  In  1895  it  had"^  2  national  banks  (cap.  $250,000),  2 
savings  banks  (deposits  $2,350,384),  a  loan  and  building 
association  (resources  $61,633),  a  trolley  railway  extending 
to  Old  Orchard  Beach,  and  3  daily,  4  weekly,  and  2 
monthly  periodicals.  On  March  22,  1895,  a  special  freight 
train  of  29  cars,  all  loaded  with  cotton-goods  manufactured 
in  the  Biddeford  mills  and  consigned  to  Shanghai,  China, 
left  the  city  on  a  direct  run  to  Vancouver.  This  was  the 
largest  single  shipment  ever  made  from  these  mills. 

BIERSTADT,  Albert,  artist:  b.  Dusseldorf,  Germany, 
1830,  Jan.  7,  but  since  early  youth  living  in  this  country, 
now  in  New  York.  His  studio  now  contains  several  large 
paintings,  such  as  the  Landing  of  CoJum'bus,  the  landscape 


BIQELO  \V.  [AAii 

painted  from  studies  made  on  the  presumed  spot;  and  he  is 
at  work  on  another  San  Salvador  coast  view,  with  magnifi- 
cent surf;  also,  on  a  canvas  six  feet  by  ten,  from  studies 
in  1895  of  Mt.  Engardine  in  the  south-eastern  Alps. 

BIGELOW,  JoHi^,  LL.D.,  author:  b.  in  Mahlen,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  25,  1817.  In  his  wdll  Samuel  J.  Tilden  appointed 
him  his  biographer  and  one  of  three  trustees  of  the  bulk  of 
his  estate,  set  apart  for  the  establishment  of  a  public 
library  in  New  York  City.  Mr.  Tilden  died  Aug.  4,  1886, 
the  trust  fund  clause  of  his  will  was  attacked  by  some  of 
his  heirs,  and  after  a  memorable  litigation  the  contest  was 
sustained  by  the  Court  of  Appeals  Oct.  27,  1891.  A  niece, 
Mrs.  William  B.  Hazard,  voluntarily  relinquished  to  the 
trustees  over  12,000,000  of  her  share  of  the  estate,  to  aid 
in  carrying  out  her  uncle's  wishes.  On  Feb.  22,  1895,  a 
joint  committee,  representing  the  Tilden  Trust  Fund  and 
the  Astor  and  Lenox  Libraries,  agreed  on  a  plan  for  the 
consolidation  of  those  interests  and  the  establishment  of  a 
great  public  library,  to  be  known  as  the  New  York  Public 
Library,  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  Foundations.  The 
agreement  was  ratified  by  the  several  interests,  an  act  of 
incorporation  was  obtained  from  the  legislature,  and  on 
May  27j  Mr.  Bigelow  was  elected  president  of  the  con- 
solidated board  of  trustees,  and  appointed  cli airman  of  the 
executive  committee  and  of  the  committee  on  library 
books.  He  published  The  Life  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
(2  vols..  New  York,  1895). 

BIGrELOW,  JoHJ^,  Jr.,  military  officer:  b.  in  New  York 
city;  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy  and  com- 
missioned 2d  lieutenant  lOtli  L^.  S.  cavalry,  June  15,  1877; 
promoted  1st  lieutenant,  Sept.  24,  1883,  and  captain  April 
15,  1893;  and  appointed  instructor  of  military  science  and 
tactics  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
Boston,  Aug.  3,  1894.  He  has  published  numerous 
sketches  of  army  life  in  the  AYest,  and  The  Principles  of 
Strategy  Illustrated  Mainly  from  American  Campaigns 
(2d  ed.,  enlarged,  Philadelphia,  1894). 

BIGELOW,  PouLTNEY,  author:  b.  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  10,  1855;  second  son  of  John  Bigelow;  graduated  at 
Yale  College  and  continued  his  studies  in  Germany, 
having  for  a  classmate  the  present  emperor;  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  New  York  city,  but  has  applied  himself  to 


AAi]  BIMETALLISM. 

authorship  and  travel;  was  for  some  time  editor  of  Outing, 
a  magazine  of  recreation.  He  made  a  canoe  voj^age  down 
the  Danube,  and  1892,  was  expelled  from  Russia  while 
gathering  material  for  a  book  on  that  country.  In  Dec, 
1895,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Germany  by  the  New 
York  State  Insurance  Department.  He  has  published  The 
German  Emperor  (1889);  The  German  Emperor  and  His 
Eastern  Neighbors  (1892);  Paddles  and  Politics  Down  the 
Danube  (1892);  The  Borderland  of  Czar  and  Kaiser;  Notec 
from  Both  Sides  of  the  Russian  Frontier  (1894);  and  many 
magazine  articles. 

BIMETALLISM.  The  agitation  for  the  adoption  of  a 
double  monetary  standard  of  value  grows  in  i  trength  in 
foreign  countries,  which  look  to  the  U.  S.  for  a  practical 
initial  movement;  and  a  remedy  for  the  evils  complained 
of  by  bimetallists  is  still  a  matter  of  enactment  by  the 
nations  interested.  Several  conferences,  iiiternational  and 
national,  have  been  held  since  the  memorable  but  fruitless 
one  in  Brussels,  1892,  but  without  notable  conclusions.  In 
all,  it  has  seemed  essential  that  the  U.  S.,  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Germany  should  be  united  in  the  movement 
and  unanimous  in  legislation.  Each  of  these  countries  has 
a  national  league  devoted  to  the  propagation  of  bimetallic 
principles.  An  international  conference  was  held  in 
London,  England,  in  May,  1894,  in  which  the  U.  S.  was 
represented  by  Brooks  Adams,  of  Boston;  but  nothing  be- 
yond the  presentation  and  consideration  of  learned 
papers  on  the  subject  w^as  accomplished.  In  Dec, 
1895,  a  conference  in  Paris,  France,  comprising  delegates 
from  the  bimetallic  leagues  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Germany,  merely  agreed  on  the  terms  of  its  principal 
resolutions,  which  the  British  delegates  were  authorized  to 
induce  the  American  leagues  to  accept.  More  in  the  line 
of  advancement  was  a  resolution  introduced  into  the  U.  S. 
Senate  by  Senator  Chandler  (N.  H.),  on  Dec.  6,  1895,  pro- 
viding for  the  unlimited  coinage  of  gold  and  silver,  in 
connection  with  other  nations,  at  the  ratio  of  1  to  15-2^. 
Under  the  first  section,  any  person  may  deposit  in  any 
TJ.  S.  mint  gold  or  silver  bullion  not  less  in  value  than  $50, 
and  the  same  shall  be  coined,  free  of  charge  when  the 
metal  needs  no  refining,  the  gold  into  coins  provided  for 
by  existing  laws,  and  the  silver  into  dollars  nine-tenths 


BINGHAMTON,  abj 

fine,  the  weight  of  the  pure  silver  in  each  doHar  to  be  15-| 
times  the  '2'd-^^^  grains  of  the  pure  gold  in  the  gold  dollar, 
or  ob^^^  grains,  which,  with  39yVo  grains  of  alloy,  will 
make  the  total  weight  of  each  silver  dollar  399y^o-  grains, 
instead  of  412  1-2  grains,  as  nnder  the  existing  law.  The 
second  section  provides  that  payment  for  snch  bullion  shall 
be  made  to  the  depositor  in  coin  or  treasury  notes;  that 
the  silver  dollars  coined  under  this  law,  as  well  as  the 
regular  gold  coins  and  the  treasury  notes  shall  be  a  full 
legal  tender  for  all  public  and  private  debts;  and  that 
existing  silver  dollars  shall  be  retired  aud  recoined  accord- 
ing to  the  new  ratio.  The  third  section  provides  that  this 
law  shall  take  effect  when  similar  laws  shall  have  been 
adopted  by  the  governments  of  England,  France,  and 
Germany,  and  that  when  such  laws  have  been  passed  by 
the  governments  named,  the  president  shall  make 
proclamation  accordingly,  and  the  law  shall  then  take 
effect  and  be  in  force.  Under  the  rules  the  resolution  was 
referred  to  committee  for  consideration  and  report. 

Amerigax  Bimetallic  Party.  At  a  conference  of  the 
leading  bimetallists  of  the  XT.  S.,  at  AVashington,  D.  C, 
Feb.  22,  1895,  a  new  political  organization  was  formed 
under  the  name  of  the  American  Bimetallic  Party.  The 
declaration  of  principles  asserted  unalterable  opposition  to 
the  single  gold  standard  and  to  the  issue  by  the  U.  S. 
government  of  interest-bearing  bonds  in  time  of  peace,  and 
demanded  the  immediate  restoration  of  the  double 
standard,  the  unrestricted  coinage  of  both  gold  and  silver 
at  a  ratio  of  IG  to  1  and  on  terms  of  exact  equality,  and 
the  payment  of  the  coin  obligations  of  the  government  in 
gold  or  silver  at  the  option  of  the  government,  not  at  that 
of  the  creditor.  The  conference,  in  the  absence  oi 
authority  to  make  presidential  nominations,  suggested 
Joseph  C.  Sibley  (Pa.),  as  a  fitting  candidate  for  the 
party^s  nomination  for  president.  Gen.  A.  J.  Warner 
(address,  Washington,  D.  C),  president  of  the  American 
Bimetallic  League,  is  chairman  of  the  executive  committee 
of  the  new  party. 

BINGHAMTON",  city,  cap.  of  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.;  pop. 
(1890)  35,005;  (1895)  est.  43,000.  In  Feb.,  1895,  Mayor 
George  E.  Greene  reported  a  total  debt,  all  bonded,  of 
$325,500,  which  incli^ded  outstanding  water  debt  $109,000; 


aba]  JBJEKENBWAlJ. 

aggregate  assessed  valuations,  119,722,030;  tax  rate,  11.43 
per  $100;  value  of  property  owned  by  the  city,  over  1^2,000,- 
000,  of  which  the  waterworks  plant  Avas  estimated  at 
$1,500,000;  public  school  buildings,  16;  public  school  en- 
rollment, 6,042;  teachers,  142;  value  of  public  school 
property,  $372,425;  church  organizations,  31;  and  electric 
street  railway  trackage,  30  m.  There  were  2  national 
banks  (cap.  1400,000);  3  State  banks  (cap.  1300,000);  a 
trust  company  (cap.  1400,000);  a  private  bank,  and  3 
daily  and  7  weekly  newspapers. 

BIRKENHEAD,  seaport  town,  Cheshire,  England,  on 
the  Mersey  river,  opposite  Liverpool;  pop.  (1891)  99,184; 
(1894)  est.  105,627.  It  is  noted  for  its  bridge  and  ship- 
building plants,  and,  by  an  extensive  system  of  docks  and 
warehouses,  its  commercial  interests  have  become  identical 
with  those  of  Liverpool.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30, 
1895,  the  exports  declared  at  Liverpool  for  the  tj.  S.  aggre- 
gated in  value  16,784,990,  an  increase  of  $1,792,871  over 
the  total  for  the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  Passengers 
and  freight  are  transported  from  Liverpool  to  Birkenhead 
by  lighters,  steam  ferryboats,  and  a  tunnel.  To  render 
this  transfer  more  expeditious,  it  is  proposed  to  improve 
Liverpool  harbor  by  constructing  an  outer  landing-place, 
and  to  erect  an  immense  arched  suspension  bridge  over  the 
Mersey  between  Liverpool  and  Birkenhead.  By  these  im- 
provements passengers  and  freight  may  be  taken  directly 
from  the  Atlantic  steamships  to  Birkenhead  without  using 
lighters  or  ferryboats. 

BIRMIK^GHAM,  city,  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ala.;  pop. 
(1890)  26,178;  (1895)  est.  35,000.  The  last  reported  as- 
sessed valuations  (for  1893)  were:  Real,  $20,000,000;  per- 
sonal, $3,000,000— total,  $23,000,000;  city  tax  rate,  $5  per 
$1,000.  In  1895  the  bonded  debt  was  $1,610,000,  an  in- 
crease of  $130,000  over  that  of  1894.  There  were  3  na- 
tional banks  (cap.  $950,000);  2  trust  companies  (cap. 
$600,000);  a  savings  bank  (cap.  $150,000);  2  private 
banks,  a  cotton  mill  (cap.  $100,000);  38  coke  and  14  char- 
coal furnaces  (nearly  one-sixth  of  the  whole  number  in  the 
IT.  S.);  2  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  rolling  mills  in 
the  South;  8  foundries  and  machine  shops;  2  large  coal 
and  iron  mining  corporations;  an  electric  railway  operat- 
ing 58  m.  of  track  and  extending  to  Bessemer,  Pratt  City, 


BlUMlNGHAM.  [abb 

Ensley,   and  East  Lake;  and  3   daily,  10   weekly,  and  6 
montlily  periodicals. 

BIRMINGHAM,  city,  Warwick  co.,  England;  pop. 
(1891)  429,171.  During  the  quarter  ending  June  30, 
1895,  the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated 
in  value  $729,718.19,  an  increase  of  1242,327.73  over  the 
total  of  the  corresponding  quarter  1894.  The  principal 
articles  were  hardware,  ($263,130);  iron  and  steel  and 
manufactures  thereof  (1114,086);'  saddlery  ($73,893); 
drugs,  chemicals,  and  dyes  ($57,906);  cycles  ($49,714); 
skins,  hides,  and  furs  ($48,363);  china,  glass,  and  earthen- 
ware ($33,453);  and  metals  other  than  iron  and  steel 
($17,054). 

BIRRELL,  AuGUSTii^E,  barrister  and  author:  b.  at 
Wavertree,  near  Liverpool,  Eng.,  Jan.  16,  1850.  Besides 
many  contributions  to  periodicals,  he  published  in  1894 
Res  Judicatse;  and  a  volume  of  essays,  under  the  title  Men, 
Women  and  Books. 

BISHOP,  Isabella  Bird,  author  and  traveler:  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  about  1831;  made  her  first  trip  abroad 
1855,  when  she  visited  Prince  Edward's  Island  and  the  XJ. 
S.,  and  has  since  circumnavigated  the  globe  three  times. 
In  recent  years  she  has  spent  much  time  in  Japan,  and  in 
1894-5  made  her  third  trip  to  Korea.  She  Avas  in  Seoul 
when  the  war  broke  out,  1894,  and  was  the  first  person 
whose  war  correspondence  reached  London.  She  is  a 
Eellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  is  con- 
stantly sending  it  papers  on  her  travels.  Her  publications 
include  a  work  on  the  JJ.  S.  (1866);  Unbeaten  Tracks, 
Japan  (1880);  Among  the  Tibetans  (1894);  and  Six 
Months  Among  the  Palm  Groves  of  the  Sandwich  Islands 
(1894). 

BISHOP,  William  Henry,  author:  b.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1847.  His  recent  publications  are:  A 
House-Hunter  in  Europe  (1893);  A  Pound  of  Cure  (1894); 
and  The  Garden  of  Eden,  U.  S.  A.  (1895). 

BISHOPS  OP  THE  Church  of-Eiv^gland: 

See.  Apt'd     Income. 

Canterbury— Edward  White  Benson  (Abp) 1883       $75,000 

Suffragan,  G.  R.  Eden,  Bishop  of  Dover. 

York— William  Dalryraple  Maclagan  (Abp) 1891        $50,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Crosthwaite,  Bishop  of  Beverly. 
"            Dr.  Blunt,  Bishop  of  Hull. 
London— Frederick  Temple 1885       $50,000 


ABc] 


Msmps. 


See.  Apt'd     Income. 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Earle,  Bishop  of  Marlborough. 
"        .    Dr.  Bilhng,  Bishop  of  Bedford. 
"       '    Dr.  Willfinson,  assistant  bishop  for  British  subjects 
in  N.  and  C.  Europe. 

Durham— Brooke  Foss  Westcott 1890       $40,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Sandford,  coadjutor  bishop. 

Winchester— Anthony  Wilson  Thorold 1891        $32,500 

Suffragan.  Dr.  Sumuer,  Bishop  of  Guilford. 

Bangor- Daniel  Lewis  Lloyd 1890        S21,000 

Bath  and  Wells-  Arthur  Charles  Hewey 1869        $25,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Marsden. 

Carlisle— John  Wareing  Bardsley 1891        $22,500 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Ware,  Bishop  of  Barrow  in  Furness. 

Chester-Francis  John  Jayne 1888        $21,000 

Chichester— Dr.  Durnford 1870        $21,000 

Ely— Alwvne  Spencer  Compton 1886        $27,500 

Exeter  -Edward  Henry  Bickensteth 1885        $21 ,000 

Gloucester  and  Bristol— Charles  John  ElUcott 1863       $25,000 

Hereford— James  Atlay 1868        $21,000 

Litchfield-James  Legge 1891        $21,000 

Suffragan,  Sir  L.  Stamer,  Bishop  of  Shrewsbury. 

Lincoln-Edward  King 1885        $22,500 

Suffragan,  Dr.  TroUope,  Bishop  of  Nottingham. 

Liverpool— John  Charles  Ryle 1880        $17,500 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Royst^on. 

Llandaff— Richard  Lewis 1883        $21,000 

Manchester— James  Moorhouse 1886        $21,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  C.  Roberts. 

Newcastle— Ernest  Roland  Wilberforce 1882       $17,500 

Norwich— Dr.  Sheepshanks 1893        $22,500 

Suffragan.  Dr.  Lloyd,  Bishop  of  Thetford. 

Oxford— William  Stubbs 1888       $25,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Randall,  Bishop  of  Reading. 

Peterborough— Mandell  Creighton 1891        $22,500 

Suffragan.  Dr.  Mitchinson,  assistant  bishop. 
' '  Dr.  Thicknesse,  Bishop  of  Leicester. 

Ripon— William  Boyd  Carpenter 1884       $21,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  PuUeine,  Bishop  of  Richmond. 

Rochester— Randall  Thomas  Davidson 1891        $15,500 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Yeatman,  Bishop  of  Southwark. 

St.  Alban's— John  Wogan  Festing 1890        $22,500 

St.  Asaph— Alfred  George  Edwards 1889        $21,000 

St.  David's— Wilham  Basil  Jones 1874        $22,500 

Suffragan,  Dr.  J.  Lloyd,  coadjutor  bishop. 

Sahsbury— John  Wordsworth 1885        $25,000 

Soder  and  Mann— Dr.  Stratton 1892        $10,000 

Southwell— George  Ridding 1884        $15,000 

Suffragan,  Dr.  Were,  coadjutor  bishop. 

Truro— Dr.  Gott - 1891        $1.5,000 

Wakefield— Dr.  Horo 1888       $15,000 

Worcester— John  James  Stuart  Perowne 1891        $25,000 

Suffragan— Dr.  Bowlby,  Bishop  of  Coventry. 

BISHOPS  OF  THE  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  iin" 
THE  Ui^riTED  States: 

Residence.  Elected. 

Thomas  Bowman St.  Louis.  Mo 1872 

Randolph  S.  Foster Boston,  Mass 1872 

Stephen  M.  Merrill Chicago,  111 .1872 

Edward  G.  Andrews New  York  City 1872 

Henry  W.  Warren Denver,  Col 1880 

Cyrus  D.  Foss Philadelphia,  Pa 1880 

John  F.  Hurst Washington,  D.  C  1880 

William  X.  Ninde Topeka,  Kan. 1884 

John  M.  Walden Cincinnati,  O 1884 

Willard  F.  Mallalieu New  Orleans,  La 1884 

Charles  H.  Fowler San  Francisco,  Cal 1884 


BISmPS.  lABD 


Residence.  Eleci 

William  Taylor —  Miss.  Bishop  for  Africa 

John  H.  Vincent Buffalo,  N.  Y 

James  N.  Fitzgerald Minneapolis,  Minn 

Isaac  W.  Joyce Chattanooga,  Tenn 

John  P.  Newman Omaha,  Neb 

Daniel  A.  Goodsell Fort  Worth,  Texas 

James  M.  Thoburn Miss.  Bishop  for  India 


ed. 


BISHOPS   OF   THE   Methodist   Episcopal   Chukch, 
South: 

Residence.  Elected. 

John  C.  Keener New  Orleans,  La. , ISrO 

Alpheus  W.  Wilson Baltimore,  Md 1882 

J.  C.  Granbery Ashland,  Va 1882 

R.  K.  Hargrove Nashville,  Tenn 1882 

W.  W.  Duncan Spartanburg.  S.  C 1886 

E.  R.  Hendrix Kansas  City,  Mo , 1886 

C.  B.  Galloway Jackson,  Miss 1886 

J.  S.  Key Fort  Worth,  Texas 1886 

A.  G.  Haygood Los  Angeles,  Cal 1890 

O,  P.  Fitzgerald San  Francisco,  Cal 1890 

BISHOPS  OF  THE  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  i^ 
THE  United  States: 

See.  Cons. 

Alabama— Richard  Hooker  Wilmer 1862 

"  Henry  M.  Jackson.  Assistant 1891 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico— John  Mills  Kendrick 1889 

Arkansas— Henry  Niles  Pierce  (missionary) 1870 

Calif ornia— William  Ford  Nichols 1890 

Northern:  John  H.  D.  Wingfield 1874 

"  Los  Angeles:  Joseph  H.  Johnson 1896 

Colorado — John  Franklin  Spaulding 1873 

Connecticut— John  William'^s 1851 

Dakota,  North— William  D.  Walker  (missionary) 1882 

South-William  Hobart  Hare 1873 

Delaware— Leighton  Coleman 1888 

East  Carolina— Alfred  Augustine  Watson 1884 

Florida— Edwin  Gardner  Weed 1886 

"  South:  William  Crane  Gray  (missionary) 1892 

Georgia— C.  Kinloch  Nelson 1892 

Illinois— Chicago:  William  Edward  McLaren 1875 

"  Quincy :  Alexander  Burgess 1878 

*'  Springfield:  George  Franklin  Seymour 1878 

"  ''  Charles  R.  Hale,  Assistant 1892 

Indiana— David  Buel  Knickerbacker 1883 

Iowa— William  Stevens  Perry 1870 

Kansas— Elisha  Smith  Thomas 1887 

Kentucky— Thomas  Underwood  Dudley 1875 

Louisiana— Davis  Sessums 1891 

Maine— Henry  Adams  Neely 1867 

Maryland— William  Paret 1885 

•'  Easton:  William  Forbes  Adams. 1877 

Massachusetts— William  Lawrence .1893 

Michigan— Thomas  Frederick  Davies 1889 

"  Western:  George  D.  Gillespie 1875 

Minnesota— Henry  Benjamin  Whipple 1869 

Mahlon  N.  Gilbert,  Assistant 1889 

Mississippi— Hugh  Miller  Thompson 1875 

Missouri— Daniel  Sylvester  Tuttle 1886 

West:  Edwaixl  Robert  Atwill 1886 

Montana— Leigh  R.  Brewer  (missionary) 1880 

Nebraska— George  Worthington 1885 

Nevada  and  Utah— Abiel  Leonard  (missionary) 1888 

New  Hampshire— William  Woodruff  Niles 1878 


abe] 


BISHOPS. 


See.  Cons. 

New  Jersey— John  Scarborough 1875 

"  Newark:  Thomas  A.  Starkey 1880 

New  York— Henrv  Codman  Potter 1883 

"  Central:  Frederick  D.  Huntington 1869 

"  "Western:  Arthur  Cleveland  Coxe 1865 

"  A-lbany :  William  Croswell  Doane 1869 

"  Long  Island:  Abi-am  N.  Littlejohn 1869 

North  Carolina— J.  B.  Cheshire,  Jr 1893 

Ohio— William  Andrew  Leonard 1889 

Southern:  Boyd  Vincent 1889 

Oklahoma— Francis  Key  Brooke  (missionary) 1893 

Oregon— Benjamin  Wistar  Morris  (missionary) 1868 

Pennsylvania— Ozi  William  Whitaker 1869 

Pittsburgh:  Cortlandt  Whitehead 1882 

Central:  M.  A.  De  Wolfe  Howe 1871 

"  "•         N.  S.  Rulison,  Assistant 1884 

Rhode  Island— Thomas  March  Clark 1854 

South  Carolina— William  Bell  White  Howe 1871 

•'  Ellison  Capers,  Assistant 1893 

Tennessee— Charles  Todd  Quintard 1865 

"  Thomas  F.  Gailor,  Assistant 1893 

Texas— Grcorge  Herbert  Kinsolving 1892 

"        Northern:  Alex.  C.  Garrett  (missionary) 1874 

"         Western:  James  S.  Johnson  (missionary) 1888 

The  Platte— Anson  Rogers  Graves 1890 

Vermont- Arthur  Cranshay  Alliston  Hall 1893 

Virginia— Francis  McNeece  Whittle ■. 1868 

"  John  B.  Newton,  Assistant 1893 

Southern:  Alfred  M.  Randolph 1883 

West  Virginia— George  William  Peterkin 1878 

Wisconsin— Milwaukee:  Isaac  L.  Nicholson 1891 

Fond  du  Lac:  Charles  C.  Grafton 1889 

Washington,  D.  C— Henry  Y.  Satterlee 1896 

Washington— William  M.  Barker 1893 

Spokane:  Lemuel  H.  Wells 1892 

Wyoming  and  Idaho— Ethelbert  Talbot  (missionary) 1887 

Alaska— Peter  Trimble  Rowe  (missionary) 1895 

Africa— Cape  Palmas:  S.  D.  Ferguson  (missionary) 1885 

China— Frederick  R.  Graves  (missionary) 1893 

Japan— John  McKim  (missionary) 1893 

Charles  C.  Penick,  late  Bishop  of  Cape  Palmas.    Retired 1877 

S.  I.  J.  Schereschewsky,  late  Bishop  of  Shanghai,  China.     Retired 1877 

Thomas  Augustus  Jagger,  late  Bishop  of  Southern  Ohio.    Retired 1875 

Channing  Moore  Williams,  late  Bishop  of  China  and  Japan.    Retired 1866 

BISHOPS  OF  THE  Reformed  Episcopal  Church: 

Residence. 

Charles  Edward  Cheney Chicago,  111. 

WiUiam  R.  Nicholson Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Edward  Cridge Victoria,  B.  C. 

Samuel  Fallows Chicago,  111. 

P.  F.  Stevens Charleston,  S.  C. 

Jamec  A.  Latan6 Baltimore,  Md. 

Edward  Wilson Metuchen,  N.  J. 

Thomas  W.  Campbell Toronto,  Ont. 

BISHOPS  OF  THE  A.  M.  E.  Ziox  Church: 

Residence. 

James  Walker  Wood Fayetteville,  N.  C. 

Joseph  P.  Thompson Newburgh,  N.  Y. 

Thomas  H.  Lomax Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Cicero  R.  Harris Salisbmy,  N.  C. 

Isaac  C.  Clinton Lancaster,  S.  C. 

Alexander  Walters Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

C.  Calvm  Petty Newberne,  N.  C, 


BISHOPS.  •  [ABF 

BISHOPS  OF  THE  KoMAK  Oatholic  Church  ii^  the 
United  States: 

APOSTOLIC  DELEGATE. 

Cardinal  Francis  Satolli,  Washington,  D.  C. 

ARCHBISHOPS. 

See.  Cons. 

Baltimore,  Maryland James  Gibbons,  Cardinal 1868 

Boston,  Massachusetts John  J.  Williams 1S66 

Chicaj^o,  Illinois Patrick  A.  Feehan 1865 

Cincinnati,  Ohio William  H.  Elder ;1857 

Dubuque,  Iowa John  Hennessey 1866 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin Frederick  Katzer 1886 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana Francis  Janssens 1881 

New  York,  New  York M.  A.  Corrigan 1873 

Portland,  Oregon W.  H.  Gross 1873 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania Patrick  J.  Ryan .  .\ 1872 

St.  Louis,  Missouri John  J.  Kaiii 187'5 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota John  Ireland. 1875 

San  Francisco,  California Patrick  W.  Riordan 1883 

Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico P.  L.  Chappelle '!l892 

BISHOPS. 

Albany,  New  York  Thomas  M.  Burke 1894 

Alton,  Illinois James  Ryan 1888 

Belleville,  Illinois J.  Janssen , 1888 

Boise  City,  Idaho A.  J.  Glorieux 1885 

Boston,  Massachusetts John  Brady  (Auxiliary) 1 891 

Brooklyn,  New  York C.  E.  McDonnell 1892 

Buffalo.  New  York S.  V.  Ryan 1868 

Burlington,  Vermont J.  S.  Michaud 1893 

Charleston,  South  Carohna H.  P.  Northrop 1882 

Cleveland,  Ohio I.  F.  Horstmann 1892 

Columbus,  Ohio J.  A.  Watterson 1880 

Covington,  Kentucky Edward  J.  Dunne 1893 

Dallas,  Texas T.  F.  Brennan 1891 

Davenport.  Iowa H.  Cosgrove 1884 

Denver,  Colorado Vacant 

Detroit,  Michigan John  S.  Foley 1888 

Duluth,  Minnesota James  McGolddck 1889 

Erie,  Pennsylvania Tobias  Mullen 1868 

Fargo,  North  Dakota John  Shanley 1889 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana I.  Rademacher 1883 

Galveston,  Texas N.  A.  Gallagher 1882 

Grand  Rapids,  Michigan H.  J.  Richter 1883 

Green  Bay,  Wisconsin Sebastian  Messmer 1892 

Guthrie,  Oklahoma Theodore  Meerschaert 1891 

Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania Thomas  P.  McGovern 1888 

Hartford,  Connecticut M.  Tierney 1894 

Helena,  Montana J.  B.  Brondel 1879 

Indianapolis,  Indiana S.  F.  Chatard 1878 

Kansas  City,  Kansas L.  M.  Fink 1871 

Kansas  City,  Missouri John  J.  Hogan 1868 

La  Crosse,  Wisconsin James  Schwebach 1892 

Laredo,  Texas P.  Verdaguer 1890 

Lincoln,  Nebraska Thomas  Bonacum 1887 

Little  Rock,  Arkansas Edward  Fitzgerald 1667 

Los  Angeles,  California Francis  Moi-a 1873 

"  "  . , G.  Montgomery,  coadjutor 1894 

Louisville,  Kentucky William  G.  McCloskey 1H68 

Manchester,  New  Hampshire D.  M.  Bradley 1884 

Marquette,  Michigan John  Vertin 1879 

Marysville,  California Eugene  CConnell 1887 

Mobile,  Alabama J.  O'Sullivan 1885 

Nashville,  Tennessee Thomas  S.  Byrne 1894 

Natchez.  Mississippi Thomas  Heslin 1889 

Natchitoches,  Louisiana Anthony  Durier 1887 

Nesqually,  Washington ^gidius  Junger , 1879 


abg]  B islet  meeting. 

See.  Cods. 

Newark,  New  Jersey W.  M.  Wigger 1881 

New  York,  New  York John  M.  Farley  (Auxiliary) 1896 

Ogdensburg,  New  York Henry  Gabrielos 1892 

Omaha,  Nebraska Richard  Scannell 1887 

Peoria,  Illinois J.  T..  Spalding 1877 

Pittsburgh.  Pennsylvania R.  Phelan 1885 

Portland,  Maine J-  A.  Healy 1875 

Providence,  Rhode  Island M.  Harkins 1887 

Richmond,  Virginia A.  Van  de  Vy ver 1889 

Rochester,  New  York B.  J.  McQuaid 1868 

St.  Augustine,  Florida Tohn  Moore 1877 

St.  Cloud,  Minnesota Martin  Marty 1895 

St.  Joseph,  Missouri M.  F.  Burke 1893 

Sacramento,  California Vacant 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah Lawrence  Scanlan 1887 

San  Antonio,  Texas J.  A.  Forrest 1895 

Savannah,  Georgia Thomas  A.  Becker 1868 

Scranton,  Pennsylvania William  O'Hara 1868 

Sioux  Falls,  South  Dakota Otto  Zardetti 1894 

Springfield.  Massachusetts Thomas  D.  Beaven 1892 

Syracuse,  New  York P.  A.  Ludden 1887 

Trenton,  New  Jersey James  A.  McFaul 1894 

Tucson,  Arizona P.  Bourgade 1887 

Vancouver,  Washington J.  N.  Lemmens 1888 

Washington,  D.  C John  J.  Keane 

Wheeling,  West  Virginia P.  J.  Donahue 1894 

Wichita,  Kansas J.J.  Hennessy 1888 

Wilmington,  Delaware Alfred  A.  Curtis 1887 

Wilmington,  North  Carolina Leo  Haid 1888 

Winona,  Minnesota Joseph  B.  Cotter 1889 

BISLEY  MEETING:  The  meeting  of  the  National 
Rifle  Association  of  England,  transferred  to  Bisley  from 
Wimbledon  in  1890.  For  the  meeting  of  1894  certain 
changes  were  made  in  the  third-class  target,  the  'bnU's-eye 
of  8  inches  diameter  being  left  unchanged,  but  the  diame- 
ter of  the  inner  circle  being  increased  from  16  inches  to 
20,  and  the  diameter  of  the  ''magpie"  from  24  to  32. 
The  extreme  weight  of  military  breech-loaders  was  fixed  at 
10  pounds  4  ounces.  The  extreme  limits  of  length  were 
made  from  48  inches  to  52  instead  of  48  to  55.  The 
maximum  caliber  was  made  315,  and  the  maximum  pull  of 
trigger  6  pounds  instead  of  5.  Prizes  were  won  by  Volun- 
teers over  Regulars;  Cambridge  University  over  Oxford; 
Rugby  over  other  schools;  Corporal  Apperby  over  other 
representatives  of  Public  Schools:  Private  Brown  of  the 
Cameronians;  Royal  Navy  over  Army;  Capt.  G.  C.  Gibbs; 
Scotland  taking  the  Elcho  shield  and  also  the  national 
challenge  trophy,  winning  for  the  seventh  time  over  Eng- 
land and  Ireland;  and  England  over  Canada,  Jersey,  and 
Guernsey.  The  Queen's  Prize  of  £250  and  gold  medal 
was  won  by  Private  Rennie;  and  prize  of  £60  by  Private 
McGibbon;  £40  by  Lieut.  Clemence;  £30  by  Private 
Muirhead;  and  £20  by  Lieut.  Mitchell  of  Canada. 


S 


BISMARCK  SCIIcmi A  USEW.  [abh 

BISMARCK-SCHO^^HAUSE^^  Pri^-ce  Karl  Otto 
Edward  Leopold  vox:  created  count  Sept.  16,  1865; 
prince  March,  1871;  and  Duke  of  Laiienburg  in  1890.  The 
prince  recovering  from  serious  ilhiess  toward  the  close  of 
1893,  there  was  much  interest  in  his  reported  reconcilation 
with  the  emperor  in  Jan.,  1894.  In  response  to  kind  in- 
quiries from  the  emperor  as  to  his  health  he  visited  the 
emperor  in  Berlin  Jan.  26,  and  the  emperor  returned  the 
visit  Feb.  19.  There  was  general  public  satisfaction  ex- 
pressed in  the  journals,  and  the  Bourse  was  favorably  af- 
fected, though  it  was  said  the  reconciliation  had  no  politi- 
cal significance.  His  eightieth  birthday  opcurred  April  1, 
1895,  and  was  the  occasion  of  the  widest  celebration 
throughout  the  empire.  March  23  a  resolution  w^as 
offered  in  the  Reichstag  delegating  its  president,  Herr  von 
Levetzow,  to  convey  their  congratulations  to  the  prince, 
but  this  was  opposed  by  the  social-democrats,  and  defeated 
by  a  vote  of  163  to  146,  some  70  members  being  said  to  be 
absent.  The  socialist  vote  created  intense  excitement,  and 
general  condemnation.  The  members  who  had  voted  to 
congratulate  him  went  in  a  body  to  his  house  March  25, 
carrying  their  congratulations  in  person;  the  emperor,  who 
talked  indignantly  of  dissolving  the  Reichstag,  went  with  his 
congratulations  the  27th;  the  Bundesrath  voted  congratu- 
lations, as  did  the  city  council  of  Berlin;  and  the  president 
and  vice-president  of  the  Reichstag  resigned,  and  new  offi- 
cers were  elected  the  27th.  The  emperor  seized  the  occa- 
sion to  recover  something  of  his  waning  popularity;  and 
the  great  national  services  of  the  prince  were  the  theme 
of  the  journals  of  every  party  except  the  social-demo- 
crats, and  these  kept  a  discreet  silence.  There  Avere  cele- 
brations with  processions,  public  meetings,  and  banquets, 
in  most  of  the  German  cities,  and  Hamburg  was  illumi- 
nated and  had  a  procession  of  4,000  students,  who  were 
going  to  Friederichsruhe  with  their  congratulations.  The 
visits  of  congratulation  .  continued  through  several  days, 
and  included  civic  delegations  from  forty  cities.  The 
town  of  Suhl,  in  Thuringia,  famous  for  the  manufacture 
of  weapons,  gave  him  honorary  citizenship,  its  letter  be- 
ing a  plate  of  fine  steel  etched  in  silver,  gold,  and  black 
with  heraldic  designs.  The  Magdeburgers  collected  $16,- 
250  to  erect  a  monument  to  him  in  their  city.  A  great 
gathering  was  held  at  the  national  monument  of  Germania 


ABi]  BISSELL. 

in  the  Niederwald,  whither  thousands  traveled  fr,om  all 
the  Ehineland,  including  representatives  of  36  Ehenish 
cities.  Joy  fires  were  built  on  hill  and  mountain  tops 
throughout  Germany.  But  the  center  of  enthusiasm  was 
his  home  at  Friedrichsrnhe,  where  he  received  many 
thousands  of  visitors,  over  1,000  postal  parcels,  most  of  the 
presents  being  valuable  works  of  industrial  art,  and  over 
200,000  congratulatory  letters,  including  some  from 
crowned  heads.  It  is  said  that  the  numerous  honorary 
orders  and  decorations  which  he  has  received  at  one  time 
and  another  number  fifty-one,  and  include  every  Prussian 
order  that  can  legally  be  conferred  upon  him.  The  em- 
blems of  the  Golden  Fleece  and  the  Black  Eagle  must  by 
law  return  at  his  death  to  their  royal  source,  but  his  other 
orders  will  become  the  property  of  his  heirs,  and  their 
monetary  value  is  estimated  at  $25,000. 

BISSELL,  WiLSOX  Shaxxoj^,  ll.d.,  lawyer:  b.  in 
Rome,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31,  1847;  was  appointed  post-master- 
general  of  the  U.  S.,  March,  1893;  resigned  to  resume  law 
pratice,  Feb.  27, 1895 ;  and  was  succeeded  bv  ex-Congressman 
William  L.  Wilson  (W.  Ya.). 

BIZERTE,  most  northern  town  in  Africa;  fortified  seaport 
of  Tunis;  pop.  about  8,000.  In  June,  1895,  the  French 
government  completed  its  vast  work  of  connecting  Bizerte 
Lake  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea  by  a  ship-canal,  on  which 
it  had  been  engaged  for  three  years,  and  constituted 
Bizerte  a  naval  port,  said  to  be  second  in  imjoortance  and 
advantages  only  to  Toulon.  The  lake  forms  a  sheltered 
basin  as  large  as  the  city  of  Paris,  and  could  contain  at  one 
time  all  the  naval  vessels  of  the  world.  The  canal,  through 
which  the  largest  men-of-war  can  pass,  is  4,920  ft.  long, 
393  ft.  wide,  and  30  ft.  deep,  and  its  entrance  into  the 
Mediterranean  is  protected  on  each  side  by  jetties  3,280 
it.  long. 

BJOR^'SON,  Bjorxstjerxe,  novelist,  dramatist,  and 
poet:  b.  at  Koikne,  in  Osterdalen,  Xorway,  Dec.  8,  1832. 
He  published  in  1894  a  drama  on  Norwegian  family  and 
social  life,  which  was  translated  into  English  by  Osman 
Edwards,  under  the  title,  A  Gauntlet;  and  in  1895  a  Ger- 
man play  in  two  acts,  entitled  Uber  Unsere  Kraft. 

BLACK,  William,  novelist:  b.  in  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
in  1841.  In  1894  he  published  Highland  Cousins;  and  in 
1895-96  Briseis,  serially  in  Harper^'s  Magazine. 


BLACKBUMN  UNIVBkstTT.  [acI 

BLAOKBUEN  UNIVERSITY,  Carlinville,  111.,  Pres- 
byterian; for  both  sexes;  organized  in  1804;  instructors  in 
1895,  9;  students  150;  graduates  since  organization  260; 
cost  of  tuition  per  annum  135.00;  vols,  in  librar}^  3,000; 
productive  funds  150,000. 

BLACKIE,  JoHX  Stuart,  educator  and  author:  b.  at 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  in  1809;  died  in  Edinburgh,  March  2, 
1895.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture almost  to  the  time  of  his  death;  and  in  1895  published 
The  Ideal  of  Humanity  in  the  Old  T'imes  and  the  New. 

BLACKMORE,  Richard  Doddridge,  novelist:  b.  at 
Langworth,  Berkshire,  Eng.,  in  1825.  He  published  in 
1894  Perlycross;  and  in  1895  Slain  by  the  Doones. 

BLAIKIE,  William  Garde j^",  d.d.,  clergyman  and 
author:  b.  in  England,  about  1830.  During  1894-95  he 
contributed  to  periodicals  a  number  of  important  papers  on 
biblical,  religions,  and  social  subjects;  and  published 
Heroes  of  Israel  (1894);  and  Personal  Life  of  Livingstone 
(1895). 

BLASHFIELD,  Edwin^  Howland,  painter:  b.  in  New 
York,  Dec.  15,  1848.  In  1895  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Society  of  American  Artists  (q.  v.).  In  the  same  year 
he  was  engaged  in  painting  the  large  allegorical  pictures, 
entitled  The  Human  Understanding,  and  Knowledge  of 
the  Ages,  in  the  decoration  of  the  dome  of  the  new 
Library  of  Congress,  in  Washington. 

BLIND,  Education  of  the.  In  1895  there  were  in  the 
U.  S.  and  Canada  35  public  institutions  for  the  blind,  with 
348  instructors,  and  3,489  pupils;  vols,  in  libraries,  77,045; 
value  of  scientific  apparatus  ^21,819;  grounds  and  build- 
ings, $6,189,436.  These  institutions  were  in  26  states  and 
provinces,  and  their  teachers  were  associated  voluntarily, 
for  mutual  discussion  and  assistance,  in  the  American 
Association  of  Educators  of  the  Blind,  organized  in  1868, 
and  held  their  biennial  meeting  at  Chautauqua,  N.Y.  in 
July,  1894,  26  institutions  being  represented. 

Books  have  been  printed  for  the  blind  in  three  different 
forms  of  embossed  characters,  known  as  the  Braille,  line 
letter,  and  New  York  point  systems.  All  of  these  have  been 
used  in  the  different  schools.  The  New  York  point  system, 
invented  by  Mr.  W.  B.  AVait,  superintendent  of  the  New 
York  Institution,  has  also  been  adapted  to  the  printing  of 


aca]  BLTNl). 

music,  and  was  most  approved  at  the  Association  meeting, 
in  1894;  and  in  tliat  year  the  entire  Bihle  was  printed  in  it 
by  the  American  Bible  Society.  Mr.  Wait  also  brought 
out  in  1804  the  kleidograph,  an  instrument  of  his.  inven- 
tion^ by  which  the  blind  can  readily  write  in  embossed 
characters,  and  also  the  stereogrr.ph,  by  which  they  can 
emboss  metal  plates  for  printing  in  embossed  characters. 
The  iVmerican  Printing  House  for  the  Blind,  established 
by  the  State  of  Kentucky  at  Louisville,  receives  $10,000  a 
year,  the  interest  on  a  fund  established  by  the  IT.  S.  Con- 
gress for  the  furnishing  of  books  for  the  blind.  This  is 
supplemented  by  the  Society  for  Providing  Evangelical 
Literature  for  the  Blind,  established  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.; 
and  quite  a  catalogue  of  books,  secular  and  religious,  was 
reported  in  1892  as  available  for  reading  by  touch. 

The  New  York  Institution,  established  in  N"ew  York 
city  in  1836,  is  a  typical  school  of  its  class.  In  1895  it 
reported  23  instructors,  and  235  pupils  during  the  year,  of 
whom  197  remained  to  the  close.  Besides  ordinary 
common-school  instruction  it  taught  cane-seating,  mattress 
making,  sev/ing  and  knitting  by  hand  and  by  machines, 
embroidery,  crocheting,  weaving  cord  laces,  and  other  in- 
dustries. Physical  training  with  light  gymnastics  was 
given  to  all,  and  special  instructio}i  was  given  in  ordinary 
typew^riting,  in  which  the  blind  are  quite  successful.  Music, 
the  one  art  within  their  reach,  is  taught  with  special  care, 
and  piano-tuning,  for  which  they  show  special  fitness,  is 
taught  as  a  profession. 

The  treasurer's  report  issued  in  1895  showed  the  year's 
receipts  8119,364.94,  of  which  149,617.44,  was  from 
legacies;  expenditures  $12-3,695.29,  of  which  $56,998.60  was 
the  investment  of  legacies,  and  166,696.69  current  ex- 
jjenses. 

One  of  the  most  important  English  institutions  is  the 
Royal  Xormal  College  and  Academy  for  the  Blind,  Upper 
Norwood,  London,  established  in  1872.  It  is  sustained  by 
voluntary  gifts,  and  in  1895  included  preparatory  grammar 
and  high,  and  technical  schools,  and  an  academy  of  music 
w^hich  taught  the  science  and  practice  of  music  and  piano- 
forte tuning,  and  trained  teachers  of  music.  It  was  reported 
in  1895  that  from  80  to  90  per  cent,  of  the  graduates  of  the 
college,  though  almost  all  taken  from  the  poorest  classes, 
had  become  self-supporting,  their  earnings  during  the 
year  aggregating  about  $100,000. 


BLOOMINGTON.  [acb 

BLOOMINGTON,  city,  cap.  of  McLean  co..  111.;  pop. 

(1890)  20,484.  In  1894  the  assessed  valuations  were:  Real, 
12,690,112;  personal,  $855,147— total,  $3,545,259;  city 
tax  rate,  $31.50  per  $1,000:  In  1895  the  city  owned  the 
waterworks  and  electric  light  plants,  and  had  a  bonded 
debt  $62,500,  floating  $40,000,  total  $102,500.  There 
were  3  national  banks  (cap.  $550,000),  2  state  banks  (cap. 
$200,000),  a  trolley  railway  operating  11  ni.  of  track,  and  3 
daily,  8  weekly,  3  monthh^,  and  2  other  periodicals. 

BLOUET,  Paul  (pen  name  Max  O'Rell),  author:  b. 
in  Brittany,  France,  March  2,  1848;  educated  chiefly  at 
the  Polytechnic  School,  Paris;  entered  the  army  as  sub- 
lieutenant 1869;  served  through  the  Franco-Prussian  war, 
becoming  a  prisoner  at  Sedan;  fought  against  the  Com- 
mune; and  was  wounded  and  pensioned.  In  1873  he  went 
to  London  as  a  newspaper  correspondent;  in  1876-84  was 
head  French  master  of  St.  Paul's  School;  and  in  1887, 
1890  and  1895-6  made  lecturing  tours  of  the  U.  S.  His 
best  known  works  are  John  Bull  and  His  Island  (1883); 
Jonathan  and  His  Continent  (1889);  A  Frenchman  in 
America  (1891);  and  English  Pharisees,  French  Crocodiles 
(1893). 

BLUEFIELDS,  town,  cap.  of  the  former  Mosquito  Res- 
ervation, now  the  department  of  Zelaya,  Nicaragua;  pop. 

(1891)  about  5,000.  In  the  quarter  ending  June  30.  1895, 
the  exports  declared  here  for  tlie  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$523,419,  the  principal  items  being  bananas  ($440,592), 
rubber  ($57,872),  and  gold  duf^t  ($23,095).  Since  the  rati- 
fication of  the  Clayton-Bulwor  treaty  between  the  U.  S. 
and  Great  Britain  1850,  both  countries  Jiave  been  at  odds 
concerning  the  status  of  the  Mosquito  Indian  Reservation 
on  the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua,  and  till  1894  Great  Britain 
maintained,  a  protectorate  over  the  repion.  In  December, 
1893,  war  broke  out  between  Nicaragua  and  Honduras, 
and  in  January  following,  in  consequence  of  the  seizure  by 
Honduranian  troops  of  Cape  Gracian  a  Dios  in  Nicaragua, 
60  miles  north  of  the  Mosquito  strip,  the  U.  S.  government 
sent  the  war  vessel  Kearsarge  to  Bluefields  to  protect  Ameri- 
can interests.  On  February  12,  Nicaragua  took  possession 
of  Bluefields,  and  proclaimed  martial  laAV.  This  act  led  to 
a  protest  by  Chief  Clarence,  the  dispatch  of  British  war 
vessels  to  the  town,  the  landing  of  British  marines,  and  the 


ACC]  B'NAI  B'RiTlL 

restoration  of  Clarence.  Subseqnently,  the  Nicaraguan 
commissioner  undertook  to  organize  a  provisional  adminis- 
tration for  the  reservation,  but  failed.  In  July,  1894,  the 
natives  succeeded  in  a  movement  against  Nicaragua,  re- 
stored their  government,  and  expelled  the  garrison  at 
Bluefields;  but  in  October  the  Nicaraguans  regained  pos- 
session. In  the  mean  time,  both  the  IJ.  S.  and  Great  Brit- 
ain increased  their  naval  fleets  in  the  harbor,  and  the  Kic- 
araguan  commissioner  (August)  placed  Mr.  Hatch,  the 
British  pro-consul,  and  sevei-al  Englishmen  and  Americans 
under  arrest.  On  November  20,  a  convention  of  Mosquito 
delegates  agreed  to  submit  to  the  authority  and  laws  of 
Nicaragua,  and  changed  the  name  of  the  reservation  to  the 
department  of  Zelaya,  in  hoiior  of  the  president  of  Nicara- 
gua. For  the  insult  to  the  British  flag  in  the  person  of 
Sir.  Hatch,  Great  Britain  made  a  demand  on  Nicaragua 
for  an  idemnity  of  £15,000,  on  February  26,  1895,  and  left 
the  question  of  personal  damages  to  Mr.  Hatch  and  other 
Englishmen  for  future  arbitration.  The  ultimatum  led 
to  considerable  diplomatic  correspondence  between  the 
IJ.  S.  and  Great  Britain,  the  former  insisting  (April)  that 
(1)  it  could  not  permit  the  ^seizure  of  any  Nicaraguan  terri- 
tory, (2)  nor  the  cession  of  territory  by  Nicaragua  to  Great 
Britain,  (3)  n  :>r  the  landing  of  a  British  naval  or  military 
force  for  either  a  permanent  or  temporary  occupation  of 
Nicaraguan  territory.  Nicaragua  replied  to  the  ultima- 
tum by  a  proposal  to  submit  the  entire  question  to  arbitra- 
tion. This  was  declined  by  Great  Britain;  and  in  the 
absence  of  evidence  that  Nicaragua  would  yield  to  its 
terms.  Great  Britain  notified  that  government  that  if  the 
ultimatum  was  not  complied  with  by  a  specified  date, 
a  naval  force  would  be  landed  at  Corinto,  its  principal 
port,  and  the  receipts  of  the  custom  house  would  be  at- 
tached for  the  idemnity.  At  the  last  moment  the  Nica- 
raguan government  opened  negotiations  with  Admiral 
Stephenson,  the  British  naval  commander,  and  on  May  4, 
agreed  to-  pay  the  money  in  London  within  two  weeks. 
On  the  following  day,  the  British  fleet  evacuated  the  port 
of  Corinto,  and  on  May  16,  the  money  was  paid  as  agreed. 
The  question  of  personal  damages  was  still  open  in  January, 
1896.     SeeNiCAKAGUA. 

B'NAIB'EITH,  orBEi^^Ai  Berith  (sons  of  the  covenant), 
a  fraternal  order,  founded  among  the  Israelites  in  the 


BOATING.  [ACD 

United  States  in  1843.  At  the  close  of  1895  it  reported  10 
grand  lodges;  389  subordinate  lodges;  30,500  members; 
benefits  paid  during  the  fiscal  year  1894-95^  $931,254; 
benefits  paid  since  organization  $38,607,000.  President, 
Julius  Bien,  Kew  York;  Secretary,  Solomon  Sulzberger, 
New  York. 

BOATING-.  The  principal  event  of  1895  was  the  sensa- 
tional and  unsatisfactory  contest  for  the  America  Cup, 
between  Lord  Dunraven's  yacht,  Valkyrie  III.,  represent- 
ing the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron  of  Great  Britain,  and  the 
syndicate  yacht,  Defender,  representing  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club,  in  New  York  bay.  The  terms  of  the  new 
deed  of  gift  of  the  cup  were  accepted  after  tedious  prelim- 
inaries by  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron,  and  a  challenge  was 
issued  by  Lord  Diinraven  in  Jan.  To  defend  the  cup  a 
syndicate  was  formed,  consisting  of  E.  D.  Morgan,  W.  K. 
Vanderbilt,  and  C.  0.  Iselin,  and  a  new  yacht  was  built  by 
the  Herreshofi's,  containing  many  novel  features.  The  first 
race  was  on  Sept.  7,  when  the  Defender  secured  the  lead 
soon  after  the  start,  and  steadily  increased  it,  Avinning  by 
8  m.  49  s.,  corrected  time.  The  popularity  of  the  contest 
attracted  a  vast  fleet  of  all  kinds  of  vessels,  and  rendered 
the  handling  of  the  yachts  extremely  difficult.  At  the 
close  of  the  first  race  Lord  Dunraven  intimated  that  unless 
more  energetic  measures  were  adopted  to  kee23  the  course 
clear  of  pleasure  yachts  and  excursion  steamboats,  he 
should  decline  a  second  race.  On  Se|)t.  10,  while  ma- 
noeuvering  for  position,  the  yachts  came  into  collision,  and 
the  Valkyrie  tore  away  a  part  of  the  Defender's  cross-trees, 
rendering  her  topmast  shrouds  practically  useless.  The 
Defender  kept  on  with  the  race,  however,  and  finished  the 
course  47  s.,  corrected  time,  behind  the  Valkyrie.  Ap- 
peals were  made  to  the  regatta  committee,  which  declared 
that  the  Valkyrie  had  fouled  the  Defender,  and  gave  the 
race  to  the  latter.  On  Sept.  12  both  yachts  appeared  for 
the  third  contest,  but,  after  crossing  the  line,  the  Valkyrie 
withdrew,  and  the  Defender  sailed  the  course  alone.  After 
his  return  to  England,  Lord  Dunraven  published  a  charge 
that  tlie  water  "line  of  the  Defender  had  been  secretly 
lengtliened  four  inclies  by  the  addition  of  extra  ballast 
after  slie  had  been  officially  measured.  This  charge  led  to 
an  investigation  by  an  influential  committee  in  New  Y^ork 


ace]  boat  I  M. 

in  Dec.^  before  whom  Lord  Dunraven  and  his  witnesses^ 
appeared,  and  at  the  time  of  writing  it  was  believed  that 
the  committee  would  decide  that  the  charge  had  not  been 
proved.  ^ 

A  pleasanter  international  contest  was  that  for  the  Sea- 
wanhaka-Corinthian  trophy  for  half-raters,  between  the 
unbeaten  English  boat  Spruce  IV.  and  the  American 
Ethelwynn,  of  the  Seawanhaka-Corinthian  Yacht  Club, 
also  at  New  York.  The  first  race  was  started  Sept.  22, 
but  from  lack  of  wind  was  postponed  to  the  follow- 
ing day,  when  the  Ethelwynn  beat  the  Spruce  lY.  on  a 
12  m.  course  by  7  m.  41  s.  On  the  24th,  the  5  hours  al- 
lowed for  covering  the  course  elapsed  when  the  yachts  were 
within  a  m.  from  the  finish,  the  Spruce  lY.  leading.  This 
race  was  resailed  25th,  when  the  Spruce  lY.  beat  the 
Ethelwynn  by  23  s.  On  calling  the  third  race,  the  Ethel- 
wynn soon  withdrew  because  of  the  heavy  sea,  and  the  race 
was  given  the  Spruce  IV.  The  fourth  race,  Sept.  27,  was 
awarded  the  American  yacht,  a  protest  for  overlapping 
made  by  the  Spruce  lY.,  not  being  sustained.  The  last 
race,  Sept.  28,  was  won  by  the  Ethelwynn  easily,  and  the 
American  yacht  was  awarded  the  trophy. 

Much  interest  was  taken  in  the  trial  races  between  the 
Defender  and  the  Vigilant,  to  decide  which  should  race  the 
Valkyrie  III.,  in  which  the  former  won  nine  victories. 

The  principal  foreign  3'achting  events  were  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, where  the  Britannia  took  everything  til]  the 
Ailsa  appeared,  when  the  former  only  gained  second  place 
in  all  but  two  races,  and  where  the  Dakotah  won  every 
race  in  which  she  sailed,  holding  the  championship  for  her 
class  ;  and  in  England,  where  the  Britannia  beat  the  Ailsa 
in  nearly  every  race,  and  the  American  yacht  Niagara  beat 
the  Dakotah  and  all  other  boats  in  her  class.  In  a  total  of 
39  starts  the  Britannia  won  32  firsts  during  the  season. 

Rowing  contests  were  far  less  interesting  than  usual. 
The  Yale-Harvard  race,  June  28,  was  won  by  the  Yale 
crew  in  21  m.  30  s.,  a  result  anticipated  from  its  admitted 
superiority.  On  July  24,  ni  the  inter-collegiate  race  be- 
tween the  crews  of  Columbia,  Cornell,  and  Pennsylvania, 
Columbia  beat  Cornell,  and  Pennsylvania  withdrew  before 
reaching  the  finish.  The  Cornell  crew,  which  went  to  Eng- 
land to  take  part  in  the  Henley  regatta,  rowed  in  two  races, 
the  first  with  the  Leanders,  in  which   the  latter   claimed 


BOERK  [ACS* 

that  they  did  not  hear  the  word  to  start,  and  remained  pas- 
sive, while  Cornell  went  over  the  conrse  alone;  and  the 
second  with  the  Trinity  crew,  in  which  the  Americans 
broke  down  before  the  finish. 

BOERS:  descendants  of  the  Dutch  colonists  who  settled 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1652.  Their  lands  were  ceded 
by  Holland  to  England  in  1814,  and  later  slavery  was 
abolished  without  compensation  to  owners,  and  in  1836  the 
most  of  them  migrated  northward  and  founded  the  farm- 
ing republics  of  the  Orange  Free  State  and  the  South 
African  Eepublic,  or  Transvaal.  These  had  in  1895 
respectively  about  80,000  and  120,000  white  inhabitants. 
They  are  bounded  on  the  n.  e.  by  Portuguese  possessions 
near  Delagoa  Bay,  the  natural  port  of  the  region,  but  on 
all  other  sides  by  British  colonies  and  dependencies. 
Great  Britain  recognized  the  independence  of  the  Transvaal 
in  1852,  but  annexed  it  in  1877,  again,  after  war,  acknowl- 
edging its  independence  in  internal  administration  in 
1881,  the  queen,  however,  remaining  suzerain  in  external 
relations.  This  suzerainty  was  much  restricted  in  1884; 
but  the  surrounding  British  territory  forbids  real  in- 
dependence. 

In  1886  gold  w\as  discovered  in  the  Witwatersrand,  or 
the  Kand,  in  the  vicinity  of  Johannesberg  near  the  Orange 
Free  State  border.  These  mines  developed  rapidlv,  the 
yield  in  1887  being  28,754  ounces,  but  in  1894  1,837,773; 
entire  yield  to  the  close  of  1894  6,198,767  ounces;  esti- 
mated yield  of  1895  valued  at  $50,000,000;  while  further 
development  is  expected  to  bring  a  yield  of  $100,000,000  a 
year.  Those  attracted  to  the  mines  are  mainly  English, 
and  know]i  as  Uitlaiulers,  and  are  believed  to  be  a  majority 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  republic,  Johannesberg  having 
about  60,000,  including  the  lawless  elements  of  a  mining 
town,  but  being  a  substantial  and  handsome  city.  The 
full  constitutional  franchise  is  limited  to  those  residing  in 
the  republic  since  1876  and  veterans  of  the  war  of  1881; 
while  those  naturalized  after  two  years^  residence  can  vote 
for  members  of  the  lower  legislative  house  only.  There 
are  only  300  voters,  it  is  said,  in  Johannesberg.  The 
Uitlanders  complain  also  of  unjust  taxation  and  the  lack 
of  schools  and  police  protection.  Besides  formal  petitions 
for  reforms,   in  Dec,  1895,  they  organized  a  provisional 


acg]  BOHEMIA. 

government  iit  Johannesberg,  and  sent  a  threatening  ulti- 
matum to  the  capital,  Pretoria.  Pending  the  discussion 
of  these,  Dr.  Jameson,  administrator  of  the  territory  of 
the  British  South  Africa  Company,  mustered  an  armed 
force  of  700  near  the  western  border  of  the  Transvaal,  and 
marched  toward  Johannesberg  to  cooperate  with  the 
Uitlanders.  His  movement  was  disowned  and  forbidden 
by  the  British  authorities,  but  he  cut  the  lines  behind  him, 
crossed  the  Transvaal  border,  Dec.  30,  and  expected  to 
meet  the  revolt  and  give  it  success.  The  Uitlanders  were 
intensely  excited  by  his  approach,  but  failed  to  second 
him;  and  the  Boers  met  him  with  overAvhelming  force, 
and,  after  killing  and  v/ounding  a  number  of  his  men, 
took  Jameson  and  the  rest  prisoners  to  Pretoria.  The  in- 
cident was  given  international  interest  by  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  who  telegraphed  his  congratulations  to  President 
Kriiger  in  terms  offensive  to  England. 

The  Boers  have  been  accused  of  brutal  cruelty  to  the 
native  negroes,  but  others  declare  that  in  a  w^ar  with  the 
English  the  negroes  would  side  with  the  Boers.  In  their 
present  difficulty  President  Kriiger  has  shown  remarkable 
strength  and  moderation,  and  has  promised  the  English 
government  that  Jameson  shall  be  turned  over  to  them, 
and  to  the  Uitlanders  that  all  possible  consideration  shall 
be  given  promptly  to  their  demands.  It  seems  hardly  pos- 
sible, however,  that  the  Boers  should  escape  being  over- 
whelmed by  the  great  majority  of  the  Uitlanders,  or  pre- 
serve their  independence  wdiile  practically  surrounded  by 
British  territory.  See  Orai^ge  Free  State,  and  South 
African  Republic. 

BOHEMIA:  a  former  kingdom,  now  the  northernmost 
province  of  the  Empire  of  Austria-Hungary,  Cisleithanian 
division.  There  was  much  excitement  in  Prague  during 
the  trial  of  those  accused  of  complicity  with  the  Omladina 
conspiracy,  and  at  its  close,  Feb.  21,  1894,  the  larger  part 
of  those  accused  were  convicted,  and  were  sentenced  to 
various  short  terms  of  imprisonment.  Most  of  the  prison- 
ers were  very  young,  and  this  fact  was  urged  in  lightening 
their  sentences. 

ToAvard  the  close  of  the  year  there  were  disturbances  in 
the  forest  of  Dorrengrand  about  alleged  apparitions  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.     Christine   Ringel,    a   girl  thought    to   be 


BOK.  [ACH 

inspired,  declared  that  the  Virgin  would  publicly  appear 
on  Jan.  2,  1895,  and  tov\^ard  that  time  multitudes  of  pil- 
grims came  to  see  from  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  Silesia. 
The  local  authorities,  to  suppress  the  excitement,  sum- 
moned Christine  to  Braunau,  and  as  she  refused  to  obey, 
arrested  her;  but  the  police  were  assaulted  by  the  pilgrims, 
and  driven  from  the  forest. 

In  May,  1895,  tlie  Austrian  Ministry  of  Commerce  took 
up  the  project  of  a  canal  to  connect  the  Danube  vvdth  the 
Moldau  and  Elbe.  This  project  had  been  entrusted  in 
1892  to  a  committee  consisting  of  representatives  of  the 
provincial  administrations  of  Lov/er  Austria  and  Bohemia, 
and  of  chambers  of  commerce  of  principal  towns,  and  cer- 
tain Austrian  and  German  steamship  companies.  A 
technical  sub-committee  reported  early  in  May,  1895,  pro- 
posing that  the  canal  start  from  the  Danube  near  Vienna, 
join  the  Moldau  at  Budweis,  in  Bohemia,  and  from  Budweis 
that  the  channel  of  the  Moldau  and  Elbe  be  deepened  to  a 
minimum  of  2.1  meters  as  far  as  Aussig,  in  Northern 
Bohemia.  The  full  joint  meeting  of  the  earlier  committee 
and  the  Austrian  Ministry  of  Commerce  approved  these 
plans;  and  the  Ministry  authorized  the  technical  pre- 
liminary work. 

The  chief  political  agitation  of  1895  was  about  the 
demand  of  the  Young  Czechs  that  Bohemia  be  elevated  in 
the  empire  to  a  status  equal  to  that  of  Hungary.  The 
elections  to  the  provincial  Diet  wore  held  in  Nov.,  1895, 
and  resulted  in  the  choice  of  46  Young  Czechs,  27  German 
Liberals,  2  German  Nationalists,  2  Czech  peasants,  1  Old 
Czech,  and  1  Clerical. 

BOK,  Edward  W.,  editor  of  the  Ladies' Home  Journal, 
New  Y^ork:  b.  about  1860.  In  1894  he  published  The 
Young  Man  in  Business;  and  a  magazine  article  with  the 
title,  Why  do  not  Y'oung  Men  Attend  Church?  which  ex- 
cited very  wide  notice  and  criticism.  In  1895  he  published 
Successward:  a  Young  Man^s  Book  for  Young  Men. 

BOLLES,  Frank,  educator:  b.  in  Winchester,  Mass., 
Oct.  31,  1856;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  10,  1894.  He 
w^as  graduated  at  the  law  department  of  Columbian  Uni- 
versity in  1879,  and  of  Harvard  University  in  1882; 
founded  the  Harvard  Cooperative  Association;  won  the 
Bowdoin  prize  at  Harvard  with  an  essay  on  International 


Aci]  BOLOGNA. 

Arbitration;  and  became  secretary  of  Harvard  University. 
He  was  very  helpful  to  students,  especially  those  without 
friends  or  means,  and  was  author  of  Land  of  the  Lingering 
Snow;  To  the  North  of  Bearcamp  Water;  A  Brief  State- 
ment of  What  Harvard  University  is.  How  it  May  be  En- 
tered, and  How  its  Degrees  May  be  Obtained;  From 
Blomidon  to  Smoky,  and  Other  Papers;  and  A  Genealogy 
of  the  Family  of  Anthony  Dix. 

BOLOGrNA,  University  op  Bologna,  Italy;  founded 
A.  D.  1200;  instructors  in  1895,  62;  students,  1,318;  vols, 
in  library,  140,000,  besides  9,000  valuable  manuscripts. 

BOLTON,  Sarah  Knowles,  author:  b.  in  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1841.  Li  1894  she  published  Famous 
Leaders  Among  Men;  and  in  1895  Famous  Leaders  Among 
Women;  and,  with  Charles  Knowles  Bolton,  From  Heart 
and  Nature. 

BOMBAY,  presidency  of  British  India;  also  city,  sea- 
port, and  capital  of  the  same;  pop.  (1891)  presidency,  in- 
cluding Sind  and  Aden,  18,901,123;  city,  821,764.  The 
city  is  the  third  most  important  commercial  center  in 
Asia,  and  is  particularly  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
yarn  and  cotton  cloth.  In  the  half  j^ear  ending  June  30, 
1895,  the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated 
in  value  854,034,  the  principal  articles  being  mother-of- 
pearl  shells  ($12,891),  curios  ($8,062),  jewelry  ($6,354), 
and  carpets   (13,697). 

BONG-HI,  RuGGiERO,  author  and  statesman:  b.  in 
Naples,  Italy,  in  1828;  d.  at  Torre  del  Greco,  near  Naples 
Oct.  22,  1895.  He  contributed  to  the  Chautauquan  in 
1894  an  important  article  on  Italy^s  Future,  and  to  the 
Atheneum  an  article  on  Italian  Literature. 

BONNE Y,  Thomas  George,  d.s.c,  ll.d.,  f.r.s., 
F.S.A.,  F.G.S.,  educator  and  author:  b.  at  Eugelev,  Eng., 
July  27,  1833.  In  1894  he  published  The  Story  of  Our 
Planet;  and  contributed  to  the  Contem^^orary  Review  an 
article  on  Glaciers;  and  in  1895  he  edited  Abbeys  and 
Churches  of  England  and  Wales;  and  a  series  of  illustra- 
tions v/ith  descriptive  text  entitled  The  Thames  from  the 
Source  to  the  Sea;  and  with  others.  Historic  Homes  of  the 
United  Kingdom. 

BOOKS  PUBLISHED.  During  1894  there  were  re- 
ported by  the  Publisher's  Weekly,  New  York,  not  includ- 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED.  [adj 

iiig  government  works  and  the  minor  cheap  libraries, 
works  of  fiction,  573,  theology  and  religion,  442,  law,  440, 
edncation  and  language,  426,  juvenile,  315,  political  and 
social  science,  233,  literary  history,  and  miscellany,  208, 
history,  163,  physical  and  mathematical  science,  141,  biog- 
raphy, 140,  poeti-y  and  the  drama,  133,  fine-art  and  illus- 
trated books,  127,  medicine  and  hygiene,  118,  useful  arts, 
118,  description  and  travel,  116,  sports  and  amusements, 
50,  domestic  and  rural,  42,  mental  and  moral  philosophy, 
42,  humor  and  satire,  10:  total  new  books,  3,837;  new  edi- 
tions, 647,  total  published,  4,484.  There  were  2,821  books 
by  American  writers  manufactured  in  the  U.  S.,  577  books 
by  foreign  authors  made  here,  and  1,086  imported.  The 
books  and  other  printed  matter  exported  from  the  U.  S. 
during  the  3^ear  1894  were  valued  at  $2,449,712;  as  com- 
pared with  12,341,023  in  1893;  of  which  $540,312  was  ex- 
ported to  British  N.  America,  and  1753,174  to  the  United 
Kingdom.  Imports  of  books,  maps,  engravings,  etc.,  in 
year  ending  July  31,  1894,  free  of  duty,  11,875,286  (1895, 
11,750,810);  dutiable,  1894,  $1,584,182,  1895,  $1,580,827; 
exports,  1894,  $2,620,046,  1895,  $2,316,217.^  British  pub- 
lications during  1894,  besides  1,185  new  editions,  wei'e  as 
follows:  Fiction,  1,315,  educational,  classical,  and  philolog- 
ical, 615,  theological,  biblical,  and  religious,  476,  belles- 
lettres,  essays,  etc.,  370,  year-books  and  serials  in  volumes, 
328,  travel  and  geographical  research,  282,  juvenile,  269, 
history  and  biography,  256,  poetry  and  the  drama,  160, 
political  and  social  economy  and  commerce,  141,  law,  126, 
art,  science,  and  illustrated  works,  98,  medicine,  surgery, 
etc.,  97,  miscellaneous,  including  pamphlets,  767:  total, 
new  books,  5,300;  new  editions,  1,185;  total  published, 
6,485,  as  compared  with  6,382  in  1893.  The  St.  Peters- 
burger  Zeitung,  says  that  in  Russia  10,651  books  were  pub- 
lished in  1894,  as  against  10,242  in  1893;  but  the  number 
of  copies  printed  declined  from  33,750,000  in  1893  to  32,- 
250,000  in  1894.  They  were  in  the  following  languages: 
In  Russian,  8,082,  Polish,  894,  Hebrew,  519,  German,  315, 
Lettish,  219,  Esthonian,  172,  Armenian,  124,  Georgian, 
74,  Turkish,  70,  French,  61,  and  121  in  miscellaneous  dia- 
lects. Their  subjects  were:  Religion,  1,058,  fiction,  719, 
educational,  695,  reference,  644,  medicine,  544,  reports, 
342,  history  and  biography,  505,  juvenile,  325,  law,  278, 
agriculture,  262,  drama,  245.    .The  firm  of  Ssytin  of  St. 


Ada!  bOOTIi. 

Petersburg  are  the  leading  printers  of  Russia.  The  Droit 
crAutenr,  of  Berne,  Switzerland,  official  organ  of  the  States 
which  have  accepted  the  Berne  Literary  Convention,  sum- 
marized in  1895  the  publishing  activity  of  fourteen  prin- 
cipal countries  of  Europe,  America,  and  Asia;  and  con- 
cludes that  the  United  States  published  in  1894  about 
20,000  periodicals,  Germany,  10,546,  France,  5,800,  Great 
Britain,  4,300,  Italy,  1,894,  Austria-Hungary,  1,694, 
Spain,  1,136,  and  other  countries  each  less  than  1,000; 
total,  50,000^  Of  books  scientific  and  literary,  Germany 
published  in  1894  22,570,  France,  13,097,  Eussia,  10,242, 
Italy,  9,416,  British  East  Indies,  7,658,  Japan,  7,334, 
Great  Britain,  6,484,  United  States,  5,134,  and  other  coun- 
tries each  less  than  1,000,  making  a  total  of  84,000. 

The  publications  in  the  U.  S.  in  1895,  are  reported  as 
follows:  Fiction  876;  law  526;  theology  :.nd  religion  398; 
education  and  language  421;  literary  Iiistory,  and  miscel- 
laneous 400;  juvenile  250;  political  and  social  science  265; 
poetry  175;  physical  and  mathematical  science  149;  his- 
tory 161;  biography  86;  medicine  and  hygiene  151;  travel 
and  description  74;  fine  arts  and  illustrated  books  103; 
useful  arts  76;  mental  and  moral  science  44;  domestic  and 
rural  39;  sports  and  amusements  21;  humor  and  satire  28; 
total  4,243;  imported  bound  or  in  sheets  1,226;  total 
issued  5,469. 

The  London  Publishers'  Circular  reports  the  British 
publicatians  of  1895  as  follows:  Fiction  and  juvenile  1,544; 
educational,  classical,  and  philological  660;  religious  and 
theological  501;  belles-lettres,  etc.  400;  history  and  biog- 
raphy 353;  year-books  and  serials  in  volumes  311;  voyages 
and  travels  263;  poetry  and  the  drama  231;  political  econ- 
omy, sociology,  trade,  etc.  163;  medicine  and  surgery  153; 
arts,  sciences,  and  illustrated  works  96;  law  57;  miscel- 
laneous 749;  total  new  books  5,581;  new  editions  935; 
total  published  6,516. 

The  BiUiograpliie  de  la  France  reports  12,927  books 
issued  in  France  in  1895;  compared  with  13,007  in  1894. 
See  also  Literatuke. 

BOOTH,  Ballixgtox,  second  son  of  Gen.  William 
Booth,  and  head  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  the  United 
States:  b.  in  England  about  1845.  In  June,  1895,  he  re- 
ported that  138,040  open-air  meetings  had  been  held  dur- 


SOOTH.  [Ajyn 

ing  tlie  year,  an  increase  over  the  year  preceding  of  17,000, 
with  an  aggregate  attendance  of  15,000,000;  and  50  ad- 
ditional corps  had  been  opened.  Aug.  14,  1894,  he  laid 
the  corner-stone  of  the  national  headquarters  of  the  Salva- 
tion Army  in  New  York  city;  and  June  3,  1895,  he  dedi- 
cated it,  at  a  total  cost,  with  the  land,  of  1325,000,  almost 
all  of  which  had  been  contributed  by  members  of  the  army. 
He  resides  at  Montclair,  N.  J.  In  Jan.  1896,  it  was  an- 
nounced that  he  would  be  recalled  to  England  in  the 
Spring. 

BOOTH,  Charles,  merchant  and  philanthropist:  active 
head  of  the  house  of  Alfred  Booth  &  Co.,  Liverpool, 
Charles  Booth,  London,  and  Booth  &  Co.,  New  York, 
South  America,  and  Australia:  b.  in  England  about  1840. 
He  published  in  1894  a  statistical  work  entitled  The  Aged 
Poor  in  England  and  Wales;  and  in  1895  issued  Trades, 
being  Vols.  V.  and  VI.  of  his  work  entitled  Life  and 
Labor  of  the  People  in  London. 

BOOTH,  Rev.  William,  known  as  Gen.  Booth,  found- 
er of  the  Salvation  Army:  b.  at  Nottingham,  Eng., 
April  10,  1829.  In  July,  1894,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of 
his  conversion,  and  the  twenty-ninth  of  the  founding  of 
the  Salvation  Army,  was  celebrated  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
London,  by  great  numbers  from  all  over  the  world.  In 
Sept.  following  he  came  to  America,  and  made  a  tour  of 
inspection  of  the  Army  in  Canada  and  the  United  States; 
attending  in  June,  1895,  the  dedication  in  New  York  of 
the  headquarters  just  erected,  and  was  everywhere  greeted 
by  immense  gatherings. 

BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA:  two  provinces  south 
of  the  Danube,  between  Servia  and  Austria,  nominally  be- 
longing to  Turkey;  but  occupied  and  administered  by 
Austria-Hungary  since  July  13,  1878,  when  they  were  en- 
trusted to  her  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin.  The  population  is 
estimated  at  1,500,000,  of  whom  about  600,000  are  Oriental 
Greeks,  500,000  Mohammedans,  and  300,000  Roman 
Catholics.  The  Austrian  army  of  occupation  in  1895 
numbered  28,648,  besides  12  battalions  of  native  infantry, 
each  of  4  companies,  with  a  total  of  4,515.  There  were 
500  miles  of  railway,  and  1,780  miles  of  telephone.  The 
Sanjak  of  Novi-Bazae,  though  occupied  by  Austrian 
troops,  is  administered  civilly  by  Turkey.     The  country  is 


peaceful  and  orderly  under  the  present  administration.  In 
1894  the  Servian  and  Panslavist  party  spoke  against  ap- 
prehended annexation  to  Austria-Hungary,  but  leading- 
statesmen  urged  that  when  the  time  should  come  annexa- 
tion would  fulfill  happily  and  prosperously  the  better 
economic,  social,  and  political  movements  of  the  province. 

BOSTON",  city,  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  Suffolk  co.,  and 
of  the  State  of  Mass.;  pop.  (1891)  448,477;  (1895)  State 
census,  494,205,  increase  in  10  years,  103,812.  During 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1895,  the  imports  of 
merchandise  aggregated  in  value  $66,889,118,  increase  over 
previous  year  $16,579,787;  and  the  exports,  185,519,159, 
increase,  $1,546,699;  imports  of  gold  and  silver  coiu  and 
bullion  $6,469;  exports,  $13,200;  total  foreign  trade, 
$152,427,946.  The  entrances  from  foreign  ports  at  the 
custom-house  were  1,208  sailing  vessels  of  261,986  tons 
and  906  steam  vessels  of  1,495,971  tons;  clearances,  1,172 
sailing  vessels  of  220,672  tons  and  782  steam  vessels  of 
1,211,699  tons — total  vessels,  4,068;  total  tonnage,  3,190,- 
328.  During  the  calendar  year  1894,  the  arrivals  in  the 
coastwise  trade  numbered  8,419  vessels.  A  new  steamship 
line  has  been  established  between  Boston  and  Swansea, 
England,  and  additional  vessels  have  been  added  to  the 
Leyland,  Cunard,  and  Warren  lines.  The  city  ranks 
second  in  the  volume  of  its  foreign  trade,  and  first  in  the 
amount  of  wool  handled.  The  total  sales  of  wool,  1894, 
amounted  to  156,503,500  lbs.  Of  the  total  imports  of 
this  staple,  43,655,944  lbs.,  or  36  per  cent.,  were  received 
at  this  port,  and  of  the  imports  of  the  finer  wools,  used  in 
cloth  manufacturing,  Boston  received  21,826,649  lbs.,  or 
67  per  cent.  As  a  meat-packing  center,  Boston  ranks 
second  only  to  Cliicago.  In  1894,  the  number  of  hogs 
slaughtered  here  equaled  two-fifths  of  the  total  that 
passed  through  the  great  slaughter-houses  of  Chicago  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  March  1,  1894,  and  exceeded  the  out- 
put of  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  and  Omaha,  Neb.,  by  170,000 
and  720,000  respectively. 

On  Feb.  1,  1895,  Boston  had  a  city  debt  proper  of  $37,- 
890,691,  a  Cochituate  water  debt  of  $17,761,274,  and  a 
county  debt  of  $3,682,000,  making  a  total  bonded  debt  of 
$59,333,965.  The  various  sinking  funds  held  $22,202,541, 
reducing  the  debt  to  $37,131,424  net.     The  revenue  of  the 


BOSTON.  [adi) 

city  and  county  for  1895  was  estimated  at  110,914,814, 
and  the  amount  required  for  interest  and  tlie  sinking- 
funds,  $3,098,229,  total  amount  available  for  city  and 
county  appropriations,  $14,013,043.  County  expenses 
were  estimated  at  1734,750.  The  borrowing  capacity  of 
the  city,  1895,  was  12,337,074,  under  the  legislative  act 
limiting  the  municipal  debt,  and  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
11,729,650  were  authorized,  of  which  $1,000,000  was  for 
park  purposes.  Outside  of  the  debt  limit,  and  authorized 
by  special  acts  of  the  legislature,  there  were  outstanding 
bonds  aggregating  $2,950,500,  of  which  $1,800,000  was 
for  additional  water  supply,  and  $1,000,000  for  laying  out 
and  constructing  highways.  The  assessed  valuations  1894 
were:  Real  property,  $723,728,750;  personal,  $204,363,- 
706;  total,  $928,092,456;  and  the  tax  rate  was  $12.80  per 
$1,000.  The  parks  of  the  city  have  already  cost  about 
$12,000,000,  and  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commission  is  au- 
thorized to  take  6,000  acres  of  land  in  "Greater  Boston ^^ 
for  park  purposes,  and  to  expend  $2,300,000  in  their  im- 
provement. Under  the  ''Board  of  Survey  Act^^  (1891- 
94),  there  have  been  laid  out  Blue  Hill,  Columbus,  and 
Huntington  Avenues,  an  extension  of  Commonwealth  Ave- 
nue, and  various  other  streets,  and  new  sewers  have  been 
constructed  and  projected,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $1,278,- 
405  for  land  damages,  and  $1,710,227  for  construction  of 
streets  and  sewers — total,  $3,058,632,  for  which  the 
amount  available  Dec.  31,  1894-Dec.  31,  1895,  was  $1,- 
921,357,  or  $1,137,275  less  than  the  estimate. 

In  1894  the  city  had  41,198  children  of  school-age;  10 
high  schools,  613  grammar  schools;  21  evening  schools, 
and  1,492  teachers,  and  expended  for  public  school  pur- 
poses $2,290,967.  The  school  committee  reported  that  the 
accommodations  provided  by  the  city  for  the  education 
of  its  youth  had  not  kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the 
city;  that  there  was  immediately  needed  for  the  j^urchase 
of  sites  and  erection  of  new  school-buildings  $2,357,000, 
and  for  the  sanitary  improvement  of  old  buildings  $100,- 
000;  and  that  upward  of  2,000  children  were  attending 
school  daily  in  improperly  located  and  badly  ventilated 
rooms  that  the  city  rented  to  provide  for  the  overflow  of 
pupils.  The  report  of  the  U.  S.  comptroller  of  the 
currency,  for  Dec.  3,  1894,  showed  that  Boston  had  55 
national  banks  in  operation  on  Oct.  3,  previous,  with  an 


ade]  boston. 

aggregate  capital  of  $52,350,000,  loans  and  discounts  of 
$154,872,471,  amount  of  coin  and  coin  certificates  $11,- 
059,178,  U.  S.  bonds  held  to  secure  circulation  $8,180,- 
000,  excess  of  bonds  beyond  amount  required  85,430,000, 
and  aggregate  exchanges  at  the  clearing-house  $4,095, 997,- 
060. 

In  March,  1895,  a  sub-committee,  appointed  to  consider 
the  question  of  a  metropolitan  water  supply,  reported  a 
bill  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  metropolitan  y/ater 
board,  who  shall  construct,  maintain,  and  operate  a  sys- 
tem of  waterworks  substantially  in  accordance  with  the 
plans  and  recommendations  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
as  contained  in  their  report  to  the  legislature  of  1895.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  work  is  $20,000,000;  the  new  system 
will  supply  Boston,  Cambridge,  Chelsea,  Eyerett,  Walden, 
Medford,  iS'ewton,  Quincy,  Someryille,  Waltham,  Wo- 
burn,  Arlington,  Hyde  Park,  Lexington,  Melrose,  Milton, 
Revere,  Saugus,  Stoneham,  Wakefield,  Watertown,  AVin- 
chester,  and  Winthrop;  and  will  utilize  the  entire  present 
plant  of  Boston. 

Under  authority  of  an  act  of  the  legislature,  a  rapid 
transit  subway  commission  has  been  appointed  and  a  metro- 
politan elevated  railway  corporation  chartered.  The 
engineering  surveys  were  completed  early  in  1895,  and 
provide  for  both  surface  and  sub-surface  railways.  For 
the  latter,  the  level  of  station  platforms  will  be  17  ft.  below 
the  surface  of  the  street.  The  route  adopted  is:  From  the 
junction  of  Shawmut  Ave.  and  Tremont  St.,  under  Tremont 
St.  to  Boyleston  St.,  under  the  Tremont  St.  mall  of  the 
Common  to  Park  St.;  thence  to  Scollay  Sq.  and  to  the 
Union  Station  in  Causeway  St.  There  will  be  a  branch 
along  Boyleston  St.  to  a  point  in  the  Public  Garden, 
opposite  Church  St.  Two  tracks  will  be  constructed,  ex- 
cepting on  the  section  in  Tremont  St. ,  between  Boyleston 
and  Park  Sts.,  which  will  contain  four  tracks.  The  com- 
missioners expect  to  be  able  to  handle  4,800  passengers  an 
hour  on  the  completed  subway. 

During  the  summer  of  J  895  the  new  Public  Library 
building  was  formally  occupied,  the  books  being  removed 
from  the  old  to  the  new  building  under  a  city  approj^riation 
of  $12,000.  In  the  municipal  elections  on  l)ec.  10,  Josiali 
Quincy,  Dem.  candidate  for  mayor,  was  elected  by  a  i)lu- 
rality  of  4,500,  and  his  party  secured  full  control  of  all  the 


BOSTON  UNIVERSITY.  [ad< 

city  departments.  The  vote  on  the  question  of  license  Avas 
42,752  in  favor  and  26,266  in  opposition,  a  majority  for 
license  of  15,486. 

BOSTON  UNIVERSITY,,  Boston,  Mass. :  chartered  in 
1869;  Methodist  Episcopal;  for  both  sexes.  It  consists  of 
a  group  of  colleges  with  distinct  faculties  and  admintra- 
tions;  including  in  1895  a  college  of  liberal  arts,  affiliated 
with  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music,  Boston,  and 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst;  profes- 
sional schools  of  theology,  law,  and  medicine;  and  a  school 
of  arts  and  sciences,  for  graduates  only,  conferring  the 
degrees  of  m.a.,  ph.d.,  d.c.l.,  m.l.,  and  s.t.d.  ;  instructors 
in  1895,  115;  graduate  students  in  the  college  of  liberal 
arts,  46;  undergraduates  307,  college  of  agriculture  172, 
school  of  theology  150,  law  339,  medicine  170,  arts  and 
sciences  125;  total  1,252;  graduates  in  1895,209;  graduates 
since  organization  3,015;  vols,  in  libraries  35,000.  No 
honorary  degrees  are  conferred.  President,  Rev.  W.  F. 
Warren,  s.t.d.,  ll.d. 

BOTTA,  ViN^CEN^zo,  author  and  professor  of  languages 
in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York:  b.  in  a  hamlet 
near  Farin,  Piedmont,  Italy,  Nov.  11,  1818;  died  in  New 
York,  Oct.,  1894.  By  his  will  his  library  was  left  to  the 
university. 

BOUNDARY  LINES.  Territorial  expansion  by  con- 
quest and  treaty  has  led  to  the  establishment  of  many  new 
boundary  lines  and  to  spirited  contentions  concerning  the 
areas  inclosed  by  them.  With  a  few  exceptions  the  recti- 
fication of  disputed  lines  has  become  a  matter  for  friendly 
arbitration,  and  the  manner  of  settling  the  exceptional 
cases  had  iiot  been  determined  Jan.  1,  1896.  In  the  U. 
S.  several  interstate  contentions  have  been  in  process  of 
adjustment  for  several  years;  but  nothing  has  been  de- 
termined within  two  years,  nor  have  new  questions  of  this 
character  arisen.  Internationally,  however,  important 
boundary  changes  have  been  made,  and  on  the  above  date 
many  disputes  were  pending,  some  of  wdiich  were  causing 
no  small  fear  of  serious  consequences.  The  most  notable 
of  these  are  here  summarized: 

Afglianidan. — Under  an  agreement  between  the  Ameer 
and  Sir  Mortimer  Durand,  a  British  commissioner  was  en- 
gaged in  defining  the  Afghan  boundary  on  the   Kliyber, 


ADCx]  BO UNDARY  LINES. 

Kurram^  and  Baluchistan  frontiers,  for  the  better  protec- 
tion of  the  British  sphere  of  influence  against  Russian  ag- 
gression. 

AlasTca. — The  boundary  line  between  the  U.  S.  pos- 
sessions here  and  those  of  Great  Britain  was  fixed  by 
treaties  between  the  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain  and  between 
Russia  and  Great  Britain.  Under  an  international  agree- 
ment, the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  and  the 
Canadian  boundary  commissioner  have  been  at  work  for 
more  than  a  year  in  re-surveying  the  line  defined  in  the 
treaties.  On  Kov.  1,  1895,  all  the  essential  points  for  a 
delimitation  of  the  boundary  had  been*  marked,  and  all 
that  remained  to  be  done  was  for  the  U.  S.  and  Great 
Britain  to  determine  how  the  clause  in  the  treaty  relating 
to  the  line  *'^ten  marine  leagues  from  the  shore  ^^  was  to  be 
construed,  and  that  was  a  subject  for  diplomatic  negotia- 
tion. The  discovery  of  very  valuable  gold  mines  and  a 
marked  development  of  mining  during  1895,  led  to  an  un- 
official claim  on  the  part  of  the  Canadians  to  a  tract  of 
some  30,000  sq.  m.  of  the  territory  supposed  to  belong  to 
the  XJ.  S.  under  the  treaties,  which,  significantly,  contained 
about  all  the  mining  region  of  value.  This  claim  created 
much  excitement  and  prompted  highly  sensational  rumors. 
The  point  at  issue  was  the  s.e.  boundary.  Canada, 
through  Great  Britain,  contended  that  the  true  line  was 
much  further  to  the  w. ;  that  it  should  be  established 
along  what  is  locally  known  as  Behm  canal;  and  that  what 
is  known  as  the  Portland  canal  is  really  that  charted  and 
called  Behm  canal  in  the  Russo-British  treaty  of  18.25. 
The  U.  S.  held  that  the  Portland  and  Behm  canals  were 
entirely  distinct  and  widely  separated,  and  that  the  former 
was  the  true  line  as  laid  down  by  Russia  at  the  time  the 
U.  S.  purchased  Alaska  {q.v.). 

Argentine  RepuMic. — The  disputes  which  have  threat- 
ened war  between  the  republic  and  Bolivia  and  Chile  were 
partially  settled  1895  through  the  efforts  of  a  mixed  bound- 
ary commission.  Argentina  gained  600  leagues  of  territory 
in  El  Gran  Chaco,  formerly  supposed  to  belong  to  Bolivia, 
and  Chile  agreed  to  the  removal  of  the  landnuirk,  San 
Francisco  de  Limache,  as  demanded  by  Argentina,  and  to 
allow  the  boundary  line  to  pass  through  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  Andes.  A  new  boundary  delimitation  in  Terra  del 
Fuego  was  approved  by  Argentina  in  Oct.,  1895. 


BO  UNDAR  Y  LINES.  [adh 

Bolivia. — A  treaty  with  Chile,  conditioned  on  the  sur- 
render by  the  latter  of  the  provinces  of  Tacna  and  Arica^ 
was  laid  before  an  extra  session  of  Congress  in  Nov.,  1895. 
President  Baptista  threatened  to  resign  if  the  treaty  was 
rejected,  and  the  Cliileans  were  firm  in  resisting  the  con- 
dition imposed.  In  her  contention  with  Peru,  Bolivia  re- 
fused to  accept  the  President  of  Colombia  as  arbitrator  and 
the  President  of  Brazil  was  mutually  chosen  instead. 

Brazil. — The  atrocities  in  the  Amapa  and  Carsevenne 
districts,  on  the  frontier  of  French  Guiana,  began  to  sub- 
side toward  the  close  of  1895,  owing  to  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  Brazilian  and  French  governments  to  submit  to 
the  arbitration  of  the  King  of  Norway  and  Sweden  the 
long-standing  dispute  as  to  the  ownership  of  a  wide  stretch 
of  territory  between  tlieir  possessions,  and  to  hold  the  place 
under  dual  control  pending  a  decision.  Causes  of  friction 
were  removed  by  the  French  government,  which  appointed 
a  more  conservative  Governor  of  Guiana,  and  by  the  Bra- 
zilian, which  undertook  to  Suppress  and  punish  any  act 
of  warfare  by  Cabral  or  any  other  chief  in  the  disputed 
territory. 

Central  America. — Another  attempt  in  the  summer  of 
1895  to  establish  a  federal  union  of  the  Central  American 
Eepublics,  was  frustrated  by  the  refusal  of  the  Presidents 
of  Guatemala  and  Costa  Pica  to  attend  the  conference  at 
Amapala,  to  which  each  of  the  five  presidents  was  invited. 
The  principal  objection  to  the  proposed  union  was  a  de- 
mand by  Costa  Rica  for  a  rectification  of  the  boundary  lines 
between  the  republics,  a  demand  politically  distasteful  to 
each  of  her  neighbors.  A  long-pending  dispute  between 
Guatemala  and  Mexico,  growing  out  of  the.  expulsion  by 
the  former  of  citizens  of  the  latter  from  territory  claimed 
by  both  governments,  was  settled  in  1895  by  a  treaty,  in 
which  Guatemala  renounced  all  claims  to  the  territor}',  and 
the  question  of  damages  was  referred  for  arbitration  to  the 
U.  S.  minister  to  Mexico,  whose  award  was  expected  early 
in  1896. 

Gliina. — In  the  summer  of  1895,  France  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  China  by  which  tiie  n.  boundary  of  the  French 
possessions  in  Indo-China  was  com2)leted  and  China  ceded 
to  France  a  large  territory  in  the  Slum  State  of  Kiang- 
Ilung,  which  is  the  buffer  state  between  Siam  and  China 
and  Tonquin  and  Burmah.     The  n.  and  w.  boundaries  of 


ADi]  BO  UNDA  R  Y  LI  NFS. 

Tonquin  between  Mong-kai  and  Lao-kai  were  definitely 
fixed  1887;  the  line  between  Tonquin  and  Kwang-se  was 
delimited  1894;  and  the  new  treaty  relates  to  the  line  from 
Sao-Kai  to  the  Mekong  river.  By  her  treaty  with  Siam, 
France  virtually  gained  the  territory  extending  vaguely  n. 
to  Yun-nan  and  w.  to  the  Mekong  river,  and  including  a 
large  part  of.  the  region  which  Great  Britain  desired  to 
have  recognized  as  a  permanent  buffer  state.  In  Sept., 
1895,  trouble  arose  between  the  governments  of  China, 
France,  and  Great  Britain,  over  the  cession  of  additional 
territory  by  China  to  France.  Great  Britain  claimed  that 
China  had  no  right  to  make  it,  and  jorepared  to  occupy 
that  portion  of  the  territory  which  she  asserted  was  a  part 
of  Burmah  and  therefore  a  British  possession,  and  France 
refused  to  surrender  it.  China  seems  to  have  solved  the 
difficulty,  for  in  December,  following,  she  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  four  States  on  the  Burmo-Chinese  frontier,  having 
a  combined  area  eight  times  greater  than  that  of  the 
French  cession,  and  giving  British  trade  direct  access  to 
Southwest  China.  As  a  result  of  her  war  with  Japan, 
China  lost  the  island  of  Formosa  and  the  extensive  Liao- 
Tung  peninsula;  but  in  November,  by  paying  an  additional 
indemnity  and  agreeing  not  to  cede  the  territory  to  any 
other  nation,  she  recovered  the  latter. 

ColomMa,  U.  S.  of. — Relations  between  Colombia,  Ecua- 
dor, and  Peru,  became  seriously  strained  1895,  over  their 
boundary  claims;  but  in  November  the  three  governments 
agreed  to  ask  the  queen  regent  of  Spain  to  act  as  arbitrator 
in  delimitating  the  lines. 

Xeivfoundland. — What  is  known  as  ^^  the  French 
shore  question  "  again  assumed  a  critical  phase  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1895.  The  French  government  claims  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  fishing  (including  lobster-fishing  and  caiming) 
on  the  shore  of  Newfoundland  from  Cape  Ray,  at  the  s. 
w.  corner  of  the  island,  to  the  most  northerly  point,  and 
thence  s.  to  Cape  St.  John,  a  distance  of  about  700  m., 
and  also  the  right  to  prevent  the  islanders  from  any  occu- 
pation of  the  land  for  any  purpose,  to  the  extent  of  half  a 
m.  from  shore.  The  British  government,  on  the  other 
hand,  claims  that  the  French  rights  are  concurrent  only 
with  those  of  British  fishermen,  and  that  it  is  bound  only 
to  prevent  its  subjects  from  interfering  with  French  fisher- 
men.    In  1887,  a  French  naval  officer  closed  a  large  lob- 


BO  UN  BAR  Y  L INES.  [aej 

ster-canning  plant,  erected  on  the  half-mile  strip,  and  the 
British  naval  commander  issued  a  warning  against  resum- 
ing the  work.  A  new  controversy  arose  1895,  when  the 
French  naval  commander  refused  to  permit  the  construc- 
tion of  a  railroad  on  the  shore  strip,  to  connect  the  interior 
with  the  sea.  The  strip  is  constantly  guarded  by  British 
and  French  war  vessels,  and  it  was  hoped  that  the  last  pro- 
hibition would  lead  to  an  early  diplomatic  settlement  of 
the  question  wdiich  had  been  an  open  one  for  180  years. 

Nicaragua. — See  Bluefields. 

United  States. — In  1893  a  joint  Mexican  and  U. 
S.  commission  re-established  the  boundary  line  between 
the  two  countries  and  began  setting  up  boundary  monu- 
ments. Subsequently  a  dispute  arose  concerning  the  use 
of  the  water  of  the  Kio  Grande,  and  both  governments 
agreed  to  have  the  river  resurveyed  and  the  water  boundary 
determined  by  a  joint  commission.  The  work  was  in  prog- 
ress 1895,  but  because  of  delays  a  treaty  was  ratified  Dec. 
21,  by  which  the  time  for  completing  the  survey  was  ex- 
tended to  Dec.  24,  1896. 

Venezuela. — The  dispute  between  Venezuela  and  Great 
Britain  over  the  boundary  line  between  British  Gui- 
ana is  one  of  long  standing;  but  it  reached  its  most  acute 
stage  in  Dec,  1895,  when  President  Cleveland  ap2)lied  to 
it  the  principles  of  the  Monroe  doctrine,  after  Great  Brit- 
ain had  claimed  ownership  of  a  large  part  of  Venezuelan 
territory,  containing  valuable  gold  mines.  Great  Britain 
claims  that  the  limits  of  her  colony  extend  s.  to  the  source 
of  the  Essequibo  river,  in  the  Acarai  mountains,  trending 
thence  nearly  due  e.  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Corentyn, 
and  that  the  w.  boundary  from  s.  to  n.  coincides  with  the 
Takutu  and  Cotinga,  as  far  as  Roraima;  thence  proceeds 
n.  e.  to  the  Imataca  range,  and  onward  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Amacuro.  Venezuela  claims  all  the  territory  w.  of  the 
Essequibo  right  up  to  the  source  of  the  river.  The  U.  S. 
became  a  party  to  the  dispute  by  the  act  of  Congress  di- 
recting the  President  to  urge  Great  Britain  to  submit  to 
arbitration  the  question  whether  Venezuela  was  entitled  to 
the  territory  between  the  Essequibo  and  the  Orinoco.  In 
his  annual  message  to  Congress,  Dec.  3,  1895,  President 
Cleveland  called  attention  to  the  boundary  controversy  and 
the  representations  made  by  the  U.  S.  Government  to  that 
of  Great  Britain  with  a  view  of  securing  the  submission  of 


aea]  bourgeois. 

the  dispute  to  arbitration.  On  the  17th  he  sent  a  special 
message  to  Congress,  accompanied  by  the  answer  of  the 
British  Government  to  the  representations  mentioiied,  and 
a  recommendation  that  Congress  anthorize  the  appointment 
of  a  commission  to  determine  the  divisional  line  between 
Venezuela  and  British  Guiana.  The  message  created  in- 
tense excitement  throughout  Europe  and  America.  Both 
houses  of  Congress  passed  a  commission  bill  unanimously 
and  indulged  in  much  talk  of  war.  Under  the  bill  the 
president  announced,  Jan..l,  1896,  that  he  would  aj^point 
the  following  commissioners:  David  J.  Brewer  (q.v.),  As- 
sociate Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court;  Richard  H. 
Alvey  (q.v.).  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  the 
District  of  Columbia;  Andrew  D.  White  (q.v.),  ex-U. 
S.  Minister  to  Knssia;  Frederick  R.  Coudert  (q.v.);  and 
Daniel  C.  Gilman  (q.v).  President  of  Johns  Hoj^kins  Uni- 
versity. Subsequently  the  commission  organized  and  chose 
Justice  Brewer  its  president. 

BOURGEOIS,  Leo2s^  Victor  Auguste,  prime  minister 
of  France:  b.  in  Paris,  May  21,  1851.  On  the  fall  of  the 
Ribot  ministry  in  Oct.,  1895,  M.  Bourgeois,  a  Radical,  who 
had  been  a  member  of  the  Tirard  and  De  Freycinet  minis- 
tries, and  distinguished  for  his  efforts  to  elevate  education 
and  the  universities,  formed  a  new  ministry,  which  has 
been  called  Conservative-Radical;  himself  becoming  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  and  president  of  the  council.  Nov.  4, 
1895,  he  declared  that  his  policy,  with  various  financial 
measures,  including  an  income  tax,  would  include  a  thor- 
ough investigation  of  the  Southern  railway  scandals.  In 
Dec.  he  sanctioned  a  grant  of  20,000  francs  from  the  Paris 
municipality  to  the  Carmaux  strikers. 

BOURGET,  Paul,  novelist  and  critic:  b.  at  Amiens, 
France,  Sept.  2,  1852.  In  1894,  A  Saint,  translated  by 
Katherine  P.  Wormeley,  and  Steeple  Chase,  were  pub- 
lished in  the  United  States;  and  in  1895  Outre  Mer, 
Impressions  of  America.  May  31,  1895,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy. 

BOWDOIX  COLLEGE,  Brunswick,  Me.:  Congrega- 
tional: incorporated  in  1894.  The  Medical  School  of 
Maine  is  under  the  same  board  of  trustees  and  overseers; 
instructors  in  1895-6,  30;  students,  362,  of  whom  120 
were  in  the  medical  school;  graduates  since  organization, 


BOWERS.  [aeb 

4,410;  vols,  in  library,  50,000;  medical  library,  4,000. 
TJie  income  of  $65,000  is  given  yearly  in  scholarships  to 
about  50  students  of  merit  and  slender  means.  President, 
Wm.  De  Witt  Hyde,  d.d. 

BOWERS,  Elizabeth  Crocker,  actress:  b.  in  Stam- 
ford, Conn.,  March  12,  1830;  d.  in  W^ashington,  D.  C, 
Nov.  6,  1895.  *  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  Protestant  Epis- 
copal clergyman,  and  a  sister  of  Mrs.  F.  B.  Conway,  the 
actress;  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  when  10 
years  old  as  Amanthis  in  A  Child  of  Nature,  in  New  York 
city;  was  married  to  David  P.  Bowers,  the  actor,  March  4, 
1847,  and,  after  his  death  1857,  to  J.  C.  McCullom;  and 
remained  on  the  stage  till  within  a  few  months  of  her 
death.  After  a  success  in  The  Hunchback  in  London 
1861,  she  was  pronounced  the  best  American  actress  who 
had  visited  England  since  Charlotte  Cushman. 

BOYCOTTING,  Laws  against.  Li  1895  there  were 
laws  in  terms  prohibiting  boycotting  in  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin; Colorado,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Missouri,  Montana,  North  Dakota,  Virginia,  and  Wiscon- 
sin had  laws  explicitly  prohibiting  blacklisting;  Alabama, 
Connecticut,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Maine,  Michigan,  Minne- 
sota, Missouri,  Montana,  New  Hampshire,  New  York, 
North  Dakota,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota, 
Texas,  and  Vermont  had  laws  which  may  be  fairly  con- 
strued as  prohibiting  boycotting;  and  Maine,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  Oregon,  Rhode 
Island,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  and  Vermont  had  laws 
which  may  be  fairly  construed  as  prohibiting  blacklisting. 
In  New  York  it  is  a  misdemeanor  for  any  employer  to 
exact  as  a  condition  of  employment  an  agreement,  either 
written  or  verbal,  that  the  employe  shall  not  be  a  member 
of  any  labor  organization. 

BOYESEN,  Hjalmar  Hjorth,  author,  and  professor 
of  Germanic  languages  and  literature  in  Columbia  College, 
N.  Y. :  b.  at  Frederiksviirn,  Norway,  Sept.  23,  1848;  d.  in 
New  York,  Oct.  4,  1895.  He  published  in  1894  A  Com- 
mentary on  tlie  Writings  of  Henrik  Ibsen,  Literary  and 
Social  Silhouettes,  and  Norseland  Tales. 


APPENDIX. 

ABBOT,  Charles  Coj^ead:  published  A  Colonial 
Wooing  (1895). 

ABD-UL-HAMID:  Later  Germany  objected  to  any 
attempt"  to  coerce  Turkey,  and  in  Jan.,  1896,  a  friendly 
understanding,  if  not  an  alliance,  was  reported  between 
Turkey  and  Eussia,  by  which,  in  case  of  war  the  Darda- 
nelles would  be  closed  to  the  warships  of  all  nations. 

ABYSSINIA:  The  Italian  garrison  at  Makalle  was  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  that  post  on  Jan.  2d,  1896,  and  on  the 
27th  the  government  was  notified  that  the  Abyssinians 
would  consent  to  peace  only  on  the  abandonment  of  all  terri- 
tory held  by  Italy  and  the  renunciation  of  the  protectorate. 

ACADEMIE  FEANQAISE:  Jacques  Anatole  Thibault 
France,  critic  and  author,  Avas  elected  a  member,  succeed- 
ing Ferdinand  de  Lesseps,  Jan.  23,  1896. 

ACADEMY  OF  DESIGN,  National:  The  seventy- 
first  annual  exhibition  was  announced  for  March  30-May 
16,  1896,  when  3  prizes  of  $300  each,  1  of  $200,  and  1  of 
$100  will  be  awarded. 

ADAMS,  William  Taylok  (pen  name  Oliver  Optic), 
author:  b.  in  Medway,  Mass.,  July  30,  1822.  He  pub- 
lished in  1895,  Across  India:  or.  Live  Boys  in  the  Far 
East;  A  Lieutenant  at  Eighteen;  and  In  the  Saddle. 

AGASSIZ,  Alexander,  naturalist:  b.  in  Neuchatel, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  17,  1835;  was  appointed  an  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France,  Jan.  1,  1896. 

ALASKA:  Gen.  W.  W.  Duffield,  supt.  of  the  IJ.  S. 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  appeared  before  the  House 
Appropriations  Committee  on  Jan.  22,  1896,  and  explained 
the  operations  of  the  U.  S.  and  Canadian  surveying  par- 
ties in  locating  the  meridian  near  Mt.  St.  Elias,  Forty  Mile 
creek,  Yukon  river,  and  Porcupine  river,  these  being  the 
principal  points  on  the  141st  meridian,  between  the  two 
countries.  A  resolution  appropriating  175,000  to  mark 
the  boundary  line  between  Alaska  and  British  North 
America  was  pending  in  the  House. 

ALDRICH,  Thomas  Bailey:  published  Later  Lyrics 
(1895). 


APPENDIX.  [AED 

ALLEN,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie:  published 
The  British  Barbarians  (1895). 

ALLISON,  William  Boyd,  lav/yer:  b.  in  Perry,  0., 
March  2,  1829;  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  from  Iowa  as  a 
Eepublican  in  1872,  1878,  1884,  1890,  and  1896.  In  his 
last  election  (Jan.  21)  he  received  all  the  Rep.  votes — 42, 
and  Judge  W.  I.  Babb  {q.  v.)  all  the  Dem.  votea — 6,  in 
the  state  senate,  and  74  votes  out  of  94  in  the  House.  On 
the  organization  of  the  senate  in  December,  1895,  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  committee  on  appropriations 
and  a  member  of  that  in  finance.  The  same  month  his 
friends  began  a  movement  to  secure  for  him  the  Eep. 
nomination  for  president. 

ALVEY,  Richard  Henry,  jurist:  b.  in  St.  Mary's 
CO.,  Md.,  in  1826;  was  twice  elected  chief  judge  of  the 
fourth  circuit  of  Md;  became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals;  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Federal  Court  of 
Appeals  in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1893;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Venezuela  Commission  Jan.  1,  1896. 

ANGELL,  James  Burrill,  educator:  b.  in  Scituate, 
R.  I.,  Jan.  7,  1829;  became  president  of  the  University  of 
Vermont  in  1866  and  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1871;  U.  S.  minister  to  China  to  negotiate  a  commercial 
treaty  in  1880;  and  was  appointed  by  the  president  one  of 
the  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  U.  S.  to  confer  with 
Canadian  commissioners  concerning  the  feasibility  of 
building  such  canals  as  shall  enable  vessels  engaged,  in 
ocean  commerce  to  pass  to  and  fro  between  the  great  lakes 
and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  under  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
March  2,  1895.  The  Canadian  Commissioners  were  an- 
nounced on  Feb.  1,  1  896. 

ANTHONY,  Susan  Brownell,  reformer:  b.  in  South 
Adams,  Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1820;  made  an  argument  before 
the  House  Judiciary  Committee  in  advocacy  of  Avoman 
sujfrage  on  Jan.  28,  1896,  that  being  the  fourteenth  com- 
mittee of  Congress  before  whom  she  had  appeared. 

ARBITRATION:  In  Dec,  1895,  the  International 
Arbitration  Society  at  London  adopted  resolutions  that, 
while  regretting  the  attitude  taken  by  President  Cleve- 
land, they  hoped  the  difficulty  would  yet  be  settled  by 
arbitration.  Jan.  14,  1890,  the  International  Arbitration 
League   declared   that   the  Venezuela  difficulty  was  "'a 


aee]  appendix. 

trumpet  call"  to  English  speakers  both  sides  of  the  Atlan- 
tic in  favor  of  arbitration.  Jan.  27i  1896,  a  memorial, 
signed  by  some  of  the  most  eminent  Englishmen,  was 
published  in  several  London  papers  urging  a  treaty  by 
which  all  disputes  between  Great  Britain  and  th.e  United 
States  shall  Ir  referred  to  a  permanent  tribunal  repre- 
senting both  nations.      See  also  Boundary  Lixes. 

ARCHITECTS,  American  Institute  of:  President, 
George  B.  Post;  vice-presidents,  Henry  Van  Brunt  and 
William  C.  Smith.  The  thirtieth  convention  will  be  held 
in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  Oct.,  1896. 

ARMENIANS:  The  representatives  of  the  U.  S.  in 
Constantinople  reported  Jan.  11,  1896,  that  in  the 
provinces  of  Diarbekir  and  Harpoot  176  towns  and 
villages,  containing  8,050  Armenian  houses,  had  been 
burned.  The  Armenians  in  those  places  numbered 
92,000,  and  of  these  15,845  were  killed.  About  the 
same  time  the  French  ambassador  estimated  the  entire 
number  of  Armenians  massacred  at  50,000.  Jan.  22, 
1896,  the  U.  S.  senate  adopted  resolutions  urging  the 
European  Concert  to  enforce  the  treaty  of  Berlin;  and 
promising  all  support  to  the  president  in  defending 
the  rights  of  American  citizens  in  Armenia.  Large 
sums  of  money  were  sent  for  the  relief  of  those  made 
destitute  by  the  outrages.  American  missionaries  in 
Armenia  distributed  this  relief;  and  in  Jan.,  1896,  the 
work  of  distribution  was  undertaken  by  the  Red  Cross 
Society  and  their  president.  Miss  Clara  Barton  {ci-v^. 

ARMY  OE  THE  UNITED  STATES:  Nine  million 
men  available  for  military  service. 

ASHANTEE:  the  terms  submitted  by  the  British  to 
King  Prempeh  were  accepted  in  full,  and  the  British 
expedition  occupied  Coomassie  without  opposition  on  Jan. 
17,  1896. 

ASTRUP,  EivuD,  Arctic  explorer:  b.  in  Christiania, 
Norway,  in  1865;  found  dead  in  the  Lille  Elvedel  Valley, 
Norway,  Jan.  21,  1896.  He  accompanied  Peary's  North 
Greenland  expedition  of  1891 ;  returned  from  that  region 
in  1894;  lectured  in  the  United  States  in  1895;  and  was 
engaged  for  the  Swedish  Antarctic  expedition  of  1896. 

AUSTIN,  Alfred:  appointed  poet  laureate,  Dec.  31, 
1895;  published  Jameson's  Ride  (1896). 


APPENDIX.  [AEP 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:  In  the  half-year  ending  June 
30,  1895,  the  exports  dedared  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in 
vahie  1^3,045,205.32,  an  increase  of  11,221,703.89  over  the 
total  for  the  corresponding  period  1894.  It  was  an- 
nounced, Jan.  17,  1896,  that  Count  Badeni  would  submit 
to  the  Reichsrath  on  its  re-assembling  a  plan  for  elective 
reform,  adding  72  to  the  353  deputies  now  elected  by  uni- 
versal suffrage. 

BANCROFT,  Hubert  Howe:  offered  to  sell  his  great 
library  on  Pacific  coast  history,  valued  at  $500,000,  to  the 
New  York  Public  Library  for  1300,000,  Jan.  17,1890. 

BARCELONA:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895, 
the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
1124,961.22,  principally  gl3^cerine. 

BARMEN:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
11,746,444.82,  principally  hardware  and  cutlery  (1496,070). 

BARTON,  Clara:  The  Turkish  Government  declined 
to  permit  the  American  Red  Cross  Association  to  carry  on 
its  relief  work  in  Armenia,  but  consented  Jan.  24,  1896, 
to  allow  individual  Americans  to  distribute  relief  in  Asia 
Minor.  Miss  Barton  sailed  from  New  York  for  Constan- 
tinople on  Jan.  22. 

BASLE-:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
1544,283,  principally  ribbons  ($259,458). 

BATOUM:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$115,389,  principally  licorice  root. 

BAYARD,  Thomas  FRA:f^cis:  President  Cleveland 
sent  a  message  to  Congress  on  Jan.  20,  1896,  transmitting 
a  report  by  the  secretary  of  state  in  the  matter  of  Mr. 
Bayard's  public  utterances,  and  stating  that  no  action  had 
been  taken  excepting  such  as  was  indicated  in  the  report. 
The  report  was  principally  the  correspondence  betAveen 
the  secretary  of  state  and  the  ambassador,  in  which  the 
latter  declared  that  his  speeches  w^ere  merely  expressions 
of  personal  views.  The  message  and  report  were  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Alfairs,  which  reported  Feb. 
1,  a  resolution  of  sensure. 

BEERS,  Henry  Augustin:  published  in  1895,  Initial 
Studies  in  American  Letters. 


AEG]  APPENDIX. 

BELFAST:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
|;i,359,700,44,  principally  linens  (ll,8?8,946.49). 

BELGIUM:  In  the  half-year  ending  June  30,  1895, 
the  exports  delared  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$5,930,379.45,  an  increase  of  $2,577,605.08  over  the  total 
for  the  corresponding  period  1894;  and  in  the  quarter 
ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the  declared  exports  were  valued 
at  $4,145,332.81. 

BERGEX:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$235,682.13,  principally  fish  and  cod-liver  oil. 

BERLIN:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1 895,  the  ex- 
ports declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$1,857,308.70,  principally  ready-made  clothing  ($386,519). 

BERNE:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the  ex- 
ports declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$215,007.94,  principally  cheese. 

BIGELOW,  PouLTXEY.  In  1895-96  he  published 
serially  in  Harper's  Magazine  a  history  of  The  German 
Struggle  for  Liberty. 

BILLINGS,  JoHiT  Shaw,  surgeon:  b.  in  Switzerland 
CO.,  Ind.,  April  12,  1838;  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  of 
the  U.  S.  army  with  the  retired  pay  of  a  colonel  and  was 
appointed  professor  of  hyciene  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1895,  and  was  chosen  supt. -in-chief  of  the 
consolidated  New  York  Public  Library  (Lenox,  Astor, 
Tilden)  in  January,  1896. 

BIRMINGHAM  (England):  In  the  quarter  ending 
Sept.  30,  1895,  the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S. 
aggregated  in  value  $598,196.70,  principally  steel  tubes 
($132,139.38). 

BLUEFIELDS:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,1895, 
the  exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$223,148.34,  principally  bananas. 

BOATING:  The  proceedings  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  the  charges  by  Lord  Dunraven  were 
prematurely  published  on  Jan.  20,  1896,  and  officially 
on  Feb.  1,  and  showed  that  the  allegations  were  not 
sustained. 

BOOTH,  Ballixgtox:  On  Jan.  20,  1896,  he  and  his 


APPENDIX.  [AEii 

wife  issued  an  official  announcement  of  their  retirement 
from  the  direction  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  the  United 

States. 

BRAZIL:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the  ex- 
ports declared  at  five  ports  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
11,261,915.46. 

BREMEN:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$635,549.48,  principally  rice  and  rice  flour  ($357,514). 

BRESLAU:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30,  1895,  the 
exports  declared  here  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
1592,041.28,  principally  linen  goods  and  porcelain. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept. 
30,  1895,  the  exports  declared  at  the  ports  of  Nanaimo, 
Vancouver,  and  Victoria,  for  the  U.  S.  aggregated  in  value 
$986,753.08. 

BRITISH  EMPIRE:  In  the  quarter  ending  Sept.  30, 
1895,  the  ex|)orts  declared  for  the  U.  S.  at  the  princi- 
pal ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  aggregated  in  value 
$13,680,070.84. 

BROWN,  Arthur,  lawyer:  b.  in  Michigan;  has  been 
for  many  years  one  of  the  most  prominent  mining  attor- 
neys in  Utah  and  a  successful  criminal  practitioner;  is  a 
strong  opponent  of  Mormonism  and  a  free-silver  man;  was 
elected  one  of  the  two  Rej).  U.  S.  senators  from  the  new 
State  of  Utah,  on  Jan.  20,  1896,  and  drew  the  short  term 
and  was  sworn  in  on  the  27th. 


YB  23846 


/IBS 

V,    f 


